An Iterative Model Predictive Control (iMPC) algorithm is proposed to achieve attitude control for a 2U CubeSat using only magnetorquers.
CubeSats face significant constraints, including limited volume, weight, power, and computational resources, whic...
An Iterative Model Predictive Control (iMPC) algorithm is proposed to achieve attitude control for a 2U CubeSat using only magnetorquers.
CubeSats face significant constraints, including limited volume, weight, power, and computational resources, which make efficient use of
magnetorquers critical. In such environments, achieving precise Nadir-pointing attitude control becomes challenging. Specifically, CubeSats utilizing only magnetorquers exhibit underactuated dynamics, increasing the risk of degraded control performance. Addressing these challenges requires advanced algorithms to enhance control efficiency.
Traditional attitude control methods, such as LQR and PD controllers, are commonly employed for CubeSats but often struggle to maintain performance under realistic disturbances and uncertainties. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an enhancement to the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm by incorporating future geomagnetic field information and iterative optimization.
The conventional MPC algorithm generates control inputs using Local Frame magnetic field predictions. However, as attitude errors grow, Local Frame magnetic field accuracy declines, resulting in potential instability. To mitigate this, the iMPC algorithm leverages Body Frame magnetic field information, optimizing control inputs iteratively. By utilizing Body Frame data, the iMPC algorithm maintains accurate control inputs even under significant attitude deviations, enabling stable and efficient attitude control in underactuated systems reliant solely on magnetorquers.
The iMPC algorithm was validated in a simulated environment representing the SPIRONE CubeSat, a 2U CubeSat currently under development. The simulation accounted for realistic factors, including gravity gradient torque, magnetic torques, and control input torques, as well as external disturbances such as aerodynamic drag, solar radiation pressure, and residual magnetic dipole moments. Sensor inaccuracies and geomagnetic model errors were also included to assess performance under realistic conditions. To address attitude estimation errors, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was implemented, using data from magnetic field sensors, fine sun sensors, and gyroscopes. Due to
the operational limitations of magnetorquers and magnetometers, attitude determination and control were alternated every second, with magnetometers excluded during magnetorquer operation. MATLAB was used to model the
space environment and ADCS, with performance evaluated through Software-In-the-Loop Simulation (SILS).
Simulation results compared the proposed iMPC algorithm to the LQR algorithm used in SPIRONE. While iMPC slightly increased control error, it eliminated instability and delivered consistent and reliable performance. Additionally, the Body Frame-based optimization of iMPC enabled more efficient magnetorquer utilization compared to conventional MPC. However, the computational cost of iMPC was higher than that of LQR, underscoring the need for further optimization to enable real-time application.
This research highlights the limitations of magnetorquer-based control and demonstrates the design and application of the iMPC algorithm as a solution. The findings confirm the potential of iMPC to improve attitude control performance for small, underactuated satellites. Future work will focus on validating the algorithm's practical application through Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS).