트레드밀 운동과 밝은 빛이 흰쥐 뇌의 세로토닌 발현에 미치는 영향 = Effects of Treadmill Exercise and Bright Lighton Serotonin Expression in Rat Brain

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 트레드밀 운동과 밝은 빛이 흰쥐 뇌의 세로토닌 발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 수컷 흰쥐는 임의로 아홉 마리씩 네 집단(통제집단, 운동집단, 빛집단, 운동+빛집단)으로 분류하였다. 운동집단은 일주일에 5일, 하루에 30분씩 운동하였고, 빛집단은 일주일에 5일 하루에 30분씩 10,000 lux의 빛을 쬐었으며 운동+빛집단은 운동과 빛을 위 두 방식대로 복합처치 되었다. 실험기간은 4주간이며 통제집단은 아무런 실험처치 없이 사육되었다. 우리는 통제집단에 비해 나머지 집단에서 회봉선핵과 중뇌에서 세로토닌의 발현이 유의미하게 증가된 것을 알았다. 흥미로운 것은 세로토닌의 발현이 면역조직화학법에서 운동집단과 빛집단에 비해 운동+빛집단에서 유의미하게 증가된 것이고, 면역얼룩법에서도 유의미한 증가는 아니지만 증가의 양상을 보였다는 것이다. 결과적으로 트레드밀 운동과 밝은 빛은 뇌의 세로토닌 발현에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 우리는 성장기에 밝은 빛을 쬐면서 운동을 하는 것은 뇌 활동에 도움이 될 것이라 제안한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and bright light exposure on serotonin expression in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=9 in each group), specifically, control group (CG), exercise group (EG), light group (LG), and exercise+light group (ELG). Rats in EG were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days/week, 30 min/day), LG rats exposed (5 days/week, 30 min/day, 10,000 Lux), ELG rats subjected to treadmill exercise in combination with exposure, and CG rats remained sedentary over a four-week period. We observed a significant increase in serotonin expression in the raphe obscurus nucleu and the midbrain of rats in EG, LG, and ELG, compared to CG. Interestingly, serotonin expression was significantly increased in ELG, compared to EG and LG in the raphe obscurus nucleu via immunohistochemistry. In the western blot, it showed a increased pattern in ELG, compared to EG and LG. The overall results showed that treadmill exercise and/or bright light had positive effects on serotonin expression in the brain. Therefore, we suggest that moderate exercise or exposure to bright light during a growth child may be beneficial in brain action.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 서진희, "고온 환경에서의 트레드밀 운동이 흰쥐 뇌에서 세로토닌 발현, 신경세포 생성, 그리고 단기 기억력에 미치는 영향" 국민체육진흥공단 부설 한국스포츠개발원 20 (20): 743-754, 2009

2 Huber, A., "Walter Rudolf Hess as an ophthalmologist" 39 (39): 287-293, 1982

3 Laaksi, I., "Vitamin D and respiratory infection in adults" 71 (71): 90-97, 2012

4 Yuen, A. W., "Vitamin D : in the evolution of human skin colour" 74 (74): 39-44, 2010

5 Dean, E., "Time to see the light" 26 (26): 20-21, 2012

6 Horisawa, T., "The role of 5-HT(7)receptor antagonism in the amelioration of MK-801-induced learning and memory deficits by the novel atypical antipsychotic drug lurasidone" 244 : 66-69, 2013

7 Burchett, S. A., "The mysterious trace amines: protean neuromodulators of synaptic transmission in mammalian brain" 79 (79): 223-246, 2006

8 Langfort, J., "The effect of endurance training on regional serotonin metabolism in the brain during early stage of detraining period in the female rat" 26 (26): 1327-1342, 2006

9 MacGillivray, L., "The comparative effects of environmental enrichment with exercise and serotonin transporter blockade on serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus" 66 (66): 465-470, 2012

10 Schramm, N. L., "The alpha(2a)-adrenergic receptor plays a protective role in mouse behavioral models of depression and anxiety" 21 (21): 4875-4882, 2001

11 Paxinos, G., "The Rat Brain in stereotaxic coordinates second edition" Academic Press, USA 1986

12 Mishima, K., "Sleep disorders and sleep medicine in demented patients" 114 (114): 167-170, 2012

13 Watts, S. W., "Serotonylation of vascular proteins important to contraction" 4 (4): e5682-, 2009

14 Takatsu, S., "Serotonin release in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus is not involved in thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise in a warm environment" 482 (482): 7-11, 2010

15 Papazoglou, D., "Serotonin receptor 2A-1438G/A promoter polymorphism in relation to obesity and response to sibutramine" 16 (16): 109-112, 2012

16 Ursin, R., "Serotonin and sleep" 6 (6): 55-69, 2002

17 Watts, S. W., "Serotonin and blood pressure regulation" 64 (64): 359-388, 2012

18 Graeff, F. G., "Serotonergic systems" 20 (20): 723-739, 1997

19 Sanassi, L. A., "Seasonal affective disorder: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?" 27 (27): 18-22, 2014

20 Kurlansik, S. L., "Seasonal affective disorder" 86 (86): 1037-1041, 2012

21 Gupta, A., "Role of serotonin in seasonal affective disorder" 17 (17): 49-55, 2013

22 Duke, A. A., "Revisiting the serotonin-aggression relation in humans : A meta-analysis" 139 (139): 1148-1172, 2013

23 Lee, H., "Regular moderate or intense exercise prevents depression-like behavior without change of hippocampal tryptophan content in chronically tryptophan-deficient and stressed mice" 8 (8): e66996-, 2013

24 Kirby, L. G., "Regional differences in the effects of forced swimming on extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid" 682 (682): 189-196, 1995

25 Zhou, F. C., "Prenatal alcohol exposure retared the migration and development of serotonin neurons fetal C57Bl mice" 126 (126): 147-155, 2001

26 Struder, H. K., "Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications on mental and physical performance. Part Ⅰ" 22 (22): 467-481, 2001

27 Pjrek, E., "Pharmacotherapy of seasonal affective disorder" 10 (10): 664-669, 2005

28 Dankoski, E. C., "Monitoring serotonin signaling on a subsecond time scale" 7 : 44-, 2013

29 Azmitia, E. C., "Modern views on an ancient chemical : serotonin effects on cell proliferation, maturation, and apoptosis" 56 (56): 413-424, 2001

30 Kim, Y. P., "Magnitude and time dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats" 24 (24): 114-117, 2003

31 Kwon, S. J., "Low-intensity treadmill exercise and/or bright light promote neurogenesis in adult rat brain" 8 (8): 922-929, 2013

32 Gonzalez, M. M., "Light deprivation damages monoamine neurons and produces a depressive behavioral phenotype in rats" 105 (105): 4898-4903, 2008

33 McCurry, S. M., "Increasing walking and bright light exposure to improve sleep in communitydwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease : results of a randomized, controlled trial" 59 (59): 1393-1402, 2011

34 Neumeister, A., "Implications of genetic research on the role of the serotonin in depression : emphasis on the serotonin type 1A receptor and the serotonin transporter" 174 (174): 512-524, 2004

35 Gagné, A. M., "Impact of light therapy on rod and cone functions in healthy subjects" 151 (151): 259-263, 2007

36 Karlsson, R. M., "Galanin as a modulator of anxiety and depression and a therapeutic target for affective disease" 31 (31): 231-239, 2006

37 Figgitt, D. P., "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders" 60 (60): 925-954, 2000

38 He, S. B., "Exercise intervention may prevent depression" 33 (33): 525-530, 2012

39 Dunn, A. L., "Exercise and the neurobiology of depression" 19 : 41-98, 1991

40 Gartside, S. E., "Evidence that the large neutral amino acid L-valine decreases electrically-evoked release of 5-HT in rat hippocampus in vivo" 109 (109): 251-253, 1992

41 Baek, S. S., "Effects of postnatal treadmill exercise on apoptotic neuronal cell death and cell proliferation of maternal-separated rat pups" 34 (34): 45-56, 2012

42 Weiss, J. M., "Effects of chronic exposure to stressors on avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norepinephrine" 37 (37): 522-534, 1975

43 Malagie, I., "Effects of acute fluoxetine on extracellular serotonin levels in the raphe : an in vivo microdialysis study" 286 (286): 213-217, 1995

44 Renoir, T., "Effect of enhanced voluntary physical exercise on brain levels of monoamines in Huntington disease mice" 3 : RRN1281-, 2011

45 Tuan, T. C., "Deleterious effects of short-term, high-intensity exerciseon immune function : evidence from leucocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis" 42 (42): 11-15, 2008

46 Cusin, C., "Correction : Somatic therapies for treatment-resistant depression : ECT, TMS, VNS, DBS" 3 (3): 1-, 2013

47 Lim, B. V., "Caffeine inhibits exercise-induced increase in tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal and median raphe of Sprague-Dawley rats" 308 (308): 25-28, 2001

48 Oldham, M. A., "Bright light therapy for depression : A review of its effects on chronobiology and the autonomic nervous system" 31 (31): 305-319, 2014

49 Dubovsky, S. L., "Beyond the serotonin reuptake inhibitors : rationales for the development of new serotonergic agents" 55 : 34-44, 1994

50 Finley, P. R., "Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs" Wolters Kluwer 2008

51 Blomstrand, E., "Amino acids and central fatigue" 20 (20): 25-34, 2001

52 Svenningsson, P., "Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states" 311 (311): 77-80, 2006

53 Watts, S. W., "5-hydroxtryptamine receptors in systemic hypertension : an arterial focus" 29 (29): 54-67, 2011