Origins of a spontaneous revolution : East Germany, 1989

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction / Christiane Gern ; Karl-Dieter Opp = 1
• The Data Used = 1
• The Questionnaire = 1
• Problems of the Survey = 2
• General Protests and Demonstrations before October 9, 1989 = 6
• 1. Citizens against the State : Political Protest in the GDR / Peter Voss = 9
• Protest in the GDR Prior to 1989 = 9
• Forms of Political Action = 13
• The Leipzig Monday Demonstrations = 20
• How Many Citizens Demonstrated? 24
• Protest Symbolism = 24
• Summary = 25
• 2. How Could It Happen? An Explanation of the East German Revolution / Karl-Dieter Opp = 27
• What is to Be Explained? = 27
• Was the collapse of the GDR a Revolution? = 29
• Incomplete Explanations = 29
• Preferences and Constraints : A General Theory of Human Behavior = 31
• The Application of The Theory = 33
• Conditions for the Citizen Protests = 34
• The Distribution of Incentives = 40
• "Exit" and Forms of Political Protest = 40
• Revolutions as Social Processes = 41
• The Reactions of the State = 46
• Summary = 46
• 3. The Goals of the Revolution / Peter Voss = 49
• The Situation in the GDR Prior to October 9, 1989 = 49
• The Goals of the Revolution = 60
• Summary = 70
• 4. The Dissatisfied Citizen : Why Should I Protest If I Can't Change Anything Anyway? / Karl-Dieter Opp = 71
• Was Dissatisfaction a Cause of the Revolution in the GDR? = 71
• Citizens' Influence on Politics : Perception, Reality and Effects = 73
• Political Influence, Dissatisfaction, and Protest : Joint Effects = 76
• Summary = 78
• 5. Moral Incentives and Political Protest / Karl-Dieter Opp = 81
• The Obligation to Participate : Conversations with Citizens of Leipzig = 81
• When Is There a Duty to Become Politically Active? = 82
• The Moral Causes of the Revolution = 86
• Dissatisfaction, Morals, and the Free-Rider Problem = 87
• Summary = 88
• 6. Why Were the Protests Peaceful? / Peter Voss = 91
• Eyewitness Opinions on the Causes of Nonviolence = 92
• Nonviolence as an Individual Decision = 93
• Justifications of Violence = 93
• Efficacy of Violence = 94
• Social Incentives for Nonviolence = 94
• Expected Repression for Violence = 96
• Nonviolence as an Interplay between Citizens and the Regime Summary = 97
• Summary = 97
• 7. The Social Causes of the Revolution / Karl-Dieter Opp ; Christiane Gern = 99
• The Role of Social Groups = 99
• The Influence of Personal Networks = 112
• Group Membership, Personal Networks, and Incentives for Protest = 117
• Summary = 118
• 8. The Role of the Church / Peter Voss = 119
• Was It a "Protestant" Revolution? = 124
• The Church as an Agent of Socialization = 124
• Summary = 135
• 9. The Blunt Weapons of the Stasi : Why were the Security Forces Unable to Prevent the Revolution ? / Karl-Dieter Opp = 137
• How Fearful Were the Citizens of the Stasi? = 138
• Did State Sanctions Have a Deterrence Effect? = 142
• When Do Sanctions Have a Radicalization Effect? = 145
• Why Did Repression Become Effective Only in 1989? = 148
• Summary = 151
• 10. "We Are the People!" A Revolution without Revolutionaries? / Peter Voss ; Karl-Dieter Opp = 155
• The Actors of the Revolution = 155
• Why Were the Dissidents Not Revolutionaries? = 156
• Two Types of Dissidents = 157
• Incentives to Protest and Demographic Differences : Dissidents and Other Citizens = 160
• Were the Members of Opposition Groups Political Entrepreneurs? = 161
• Demographic Characteristics and Protest = 162
• Summary = 165
• 11. Like Hawks in a Trap : Why Wasn't the Protest Movement Crushed? / Karl-Dieter Opp = 167
• The SED Regime's Reacitons to the Citizen Protests = 167
• The Goals of the SED Regime = 168
• Tactics of Staying in Power = 169
• The Two Problems of a Dictatorship to Stay in Power = 171
• Alternatives to Staying in Power in the GDR in 1989 = 175
• The End of the Old Regime = 180
• Summary = 180
• 12. The Dynamics of the Revolution / Karl-Dieter Opp = 183
• The Process of the Revolution : Some General Considerations = 183
• The Situation at the Beginning of 1989 = 184
• Changes in Incentives from May 7 until October 9, 1989 = 185
• The Dynamics of the Revolution = 185
• Spontaneous Coordination and the Importance of the "Critical Mass" = 196
• The Demonstration Tree = 202
• Why Leipzig? = 206
• The Situation after October 9, 1989 = 206
• Summary = 208
• 13. Commonsense Explanations of the Revolution / Christiane Gern = 211
• Dissatisfaction = 212
• Political Events and Increasing Dissatisfaction = 214
• The "Other" Side = 216
• The Interplay of Factors = 217
• Why Leipzig? = 217
• Why Was the Revolution Peaceful? = 218
• Summary = 223
• 14. Some Conditions for the Emergence of Spontaneous, Nonviolent Revolution / Karl-Dieter Opp = 225
• The Willingness to Take Action against the Regime = 225
• Spontaneous Protest = 227
• Nonviolent Action = 227
• The Abdication of the Old Regime = 228
• The New Order = 228
• 15. Theories of Revolution and the Fall of the GDR / Karl-Dieter Opp = 231
• Revolution and Rationality = 231
• The Resource Mobilization Perspective = 236
• Structural Explanations = 239
• Deprivation : The Classic Explanation of Revolutions = 245
• Problems and Further Research = 248
• Summary = 251
• Appendix / Christiane Gern = 253
• 1. The Data = 253
• 2. Scale Construction = 261
• Bibliography = 269