이언 맥닐과 아일랜드 민족주의 운동 = Eoin MacNeill and the Irish Nationalist Movement

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This research is an effort to examine Eoin MacNeill’s nationalistic creed by focusing on his role and influence in the Irish Nationalist Movement in fin-de-siecle Ireland. MacNeill was a leading nationalist of the day who actively took part in both cultural and militaristic movements. His contribution in constructing and developing the Gaelic League and the Irish Volunteers, both essential organizations of the movement, was part of his effort to deal with the division of Ireland and indifference of Irish public to nationalist movement. However, despite such leading role in promoting Irish Nationalism, his importance has been underestimated by many Irish historians. In most cases he has been portrayed as an ‘indecisive leader’ or ‘one who was responsible for the failure of the Easter Rising’. Even when historical re-evaluation with the introduction of revisionism in the history of the Irish nationalistic movement has become available, MacNeill was not saved from biased and slanted views. As a result, his share in changing the direction of Irish nationalistic movements has not been fully identified, leaving the analysis of his nationalistic creed still at a superficial level. Contrary to previous accounts, MacNeill endeavored to unify Irish people into ‘one Ireland’ and restore public dominance in the Home Rule movement. Such attitude of MacNeill was based on the social context of Ireland of the day. Ireland in the 1890s was under serious national division. The death of Charles Parnell, the national leader who embraced both Catholics and Protestants, intensified religious conflict. Religious and regional feud also upsurged as the people of Ulster strongly objected to the implementation of the Home Rule Bill. In addition, unlike Parnell who mobilized the Irish public for the nationalistic movement, Redmond, the following leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, never trusted the common people. His stubborn trust on the legislation of the Home Rule Bill alienated the Irish public from the nationalistic movement under his leadership. This research analyzes MacNeill’s nationalistic movement in both cultural and militaristic facets and argues that his position and attitude towards the movement was consistent. First, in terms of his cultural contribution, his activity in the Gaelic League will be reviewed. This approach will reveal that he used Irish language to consolidate Irish national identity and attract the common people to participate in the nationalistic movement. Second, his activity in the Irish Volunteers will be examined to explain his militaristic contribution. This will demonstrate his leadership among the Irish public and his role in promoting their active participation in nationalistic movements against England. Despite his ardent effort, MacNeill’s activities were not always successful. The Gaelic League which started as a non-party, nonreligious association developed into a political association in 1913, excluding the moderate nationalists. In addition, the Irish Volunteers changed its position from defensive militarism to offensive militarism when the Easter Rising broke out in spite of MacNeill’s opposition. As a result of the Rising, Ulster was separated from the rest of Ireland forever and the reconciliation of Catholics and Protestants became an impossible dream. Nevertheless, MacNeill did succeed in placing the Irish public back into the center of the nationalistic movements. The Irish public who devolved the nationalistic initiative upon Irish Parliamentary Party after the death of Parnell decided to reclaim their role as the leader of the nationalistic movement. This change became an impetus which led the nationalistic movements of Ireland in the 1920s. MacNeill’s contribution to the Irish nationalist movement bore fruit when young nationalists such as Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera actively participated in the Anglo-Irish War. They were the ones who established Irish identity in the Gaelic League and learned military drills from the Irish Volunteers. They won the war and the heritage of MacNeill remained. (Seoul National University / [e-mail])

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