스웨덴 식민주의와 스웨덴-노르웨이 연합(1814~1905): 연합 해체 후 탈민족주의의 노르딕 공동체와 평화 = The Swedish Colonialism and the Union between Sweden and Norway (1814-1905): Post-nationalist Nordic Community and Peace since the Dissolution of the Union

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this article is to examine the characteristics, process, and consequences of the Swedish colonialism. Especially focusing on the Union between Sweden and Norway, 1814-1905, this article tries to examine and analyze how post-nationalist Nordic community and peace have been established since the dissolution of the Union. Sweden was one of Europe’s oldest monarchies and had been a great power during the seventeenth century. But Norway was a province of the Kingdom of Denmark and lacked its own government and central institutions. In 1814, as a spin-off of the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden militarily invaded Norway and Norway involuntarily became a minor partner of the Union between Sweden and Norway though Norway had its own government under a constitution independently framed in 1814. Over the 90 years, the Union gave rise to various disputes. But the Union’s internal developments have been prominent, particularly economic development and socio-cultural interactions. Sweden’s pragmatic foreign policy and neutral strategy had secured Sweden’s national interests and the Union’ stability and developments. Norway also exercised a greater influence in Sweden, especially democratic norms and institutions. The Norwegian constitution of 1814 was the most democratic of its time along with the United States. Since the 1870s different economic interests, different political system, and increasing socio-cultural conflicts between the two nations became apparent and eventually led to the dissolution of the Union. Economically Norway had greater interests outside Europe than Sweden. Also, Norwegian politics was increasingly dominated by liberal tendencies characterized by the extension of parliamentary democracy, whereas Swedish politics tended to be more conservative and authoritative. These conflicts came to a head over the so-called ‘consul affair,’ in which successive Norwegian governments insisted that Norway should establish its own consular offices abroad and, therefore, should have full sovereignty and independence. The Swedish colonialism, especially the Union between Sweden and Norway (1814- 1905) was a virtually unique case in which the two separated peacefully and integrated partially after the dissolution even though military tensions and confrontations existed at the time of the ‘annexation’ in 1814 and the dissolution in 1905. (Yonsei University/[e-mail])

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김인춘, "유럽통합과 스웨덴 중립노선: 역사, 성격, 진화" 극동문제연구소 24 (24): 221-253, 2008

2 Tony Griffiths, "스칸디나비아" 미래의 창 2006

3 김용구, "세계외교사" 서울대학교출판부 120-121, 2006

4 박지향, "서양 식민주의의 유산" 한국서양사학회 (106) : 89-112, 2010

5 김인춘, "분단-통일에서 분리-통합으로" 사회평론 2014

6 변광수, "북유럽사" 대한교과서주식회사 184-, 2006

7 하영선, "변환의 세계정치" 을유문화사 47-, 2007

8 정성화, "러일전쟁과 동북아의 변화" 선인 2005

9 손열, "동아시아의 꿈: 1894년과 2014년 지역질서 구축" 아시아연구소 4 (4): 53-72, 2015

10 서영희, "대한제국의 보호국화와 일제 통감부" 52 : 199-219, 2000

11 김동노, "대한제국의 개혁과 근대화" 집문당 2006

12 허동현, "대한제국을 어떻게 보아야 하나" 한국사연구회 (139) : 247-257, 2007

13 한영우, "대한제국은 근대국가인가" 푸른역사 2006

14 Karl Polanyi, "거대한 전환" 도서출판 길 2009

15 김현철, "갑오개혁의 정치사적 의의와 현재적 시사점: 제2차 김홍집·박영효 내각의 성과와 한계 및 과제를 중심으로" 아시아연구소 4 (4): 91-131, 2015

16 김성배, "갑오개혁기 조선의 국가·자주 개념의 변화: 김윤식을 중심으로" 아시아연구소 4 (4): 73-90, 2015

17 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway"

18 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism"

19 "http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1908/arnoldson-bio.html"

20 "http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=30100&sek-27320"

21 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_parliamentary_election,_1879"

22 M. Hilson, "What Is a Nation? Europe 1789-1914" Oxford University Press 2006

23 Karl Nordlund, "The Swedish-Norwegian Union Crisis-A History with Documents" Fili-Quarian Classics 2010

24 Michael Roberts, "The Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718" Cambridge University Press 1984

25 Jens Petter Nielsen, "The Russian-Swedish Union Treaty of 1812 and Norway’s Role" (4) : 40-48, 2012

26 Derek Mckay, "The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815" Routledge 2014

27 T. Munch-Petersen, "The Policy of 1812: Swedish Foreign Policy from the Congress of Vienna to the outbreak of the Crimean War" 31 (31): 37-56, 1996

28 Arnold H. Barton, "The Norwegian-Swedish Union and Its Dissolution 1814-1905: A Review" 77 (77): 2005

29 Lester Bernhardt Orfield, "The Growth of Scandinavian Law" Lawbook Exchange Ltd 2002

30 Paul K. Huth, "The Democratic Peace and Territorial Conflict in the Twentieth Century" Cambridge University Press 2002

31 Renate Platzöder, "The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Cooperation" Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1996

32 Francis Sejersted, "The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century" Princeton University Press 2011

33 Stig Hadenius, "Swedish Politics during the 20th Century" The Swedish Instititute 1988

34 David Nilsson, "Sweden-Norway at the Berlin Conference 1884-85 : History, national identity-making and Sweden’s relations with Africa" Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2013

35 "Sweden celebrates 200 years of peace"

36 Bo Stråth, "Sweden and Visions of Norway:Politics and Culture 1814-1905" Southern Illinois University Press 2002

37 Arnold H. Barton, "Sweden and Visions of Norway: Politics and Culture 1814-1905" Southern Illinois University Press 2002

38 "Scottish nationalists look to Nordic model for independence"

39 David Arter, "Scandinavian Politics Today" Manchester University Press 1999

40 Gunlög Fur, "Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena" Springer 2013

41 Gavin Lucas, "Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena" Springer 2013

42 Magdalena Naum, "Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents in a Global Arena" Springer 2013

43 Pasi Ihalainen, "Scandinavia in the Age of Revolution: Nordic Political Cultures, 1740-1820" Ashgate 2013

44 Folke Lindberg, "Scandinavia in Great Power Politics, 1905-1908" Almquist and Wiksell 1958

45 Patrick Salmon, "Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890-1940" Cambridge University Press 1997

46 Holger Weiss, "Ports of Globalisation, Places of Creolisation: Nordic Possessions in the Atlantic World During the Era of the Slave Trade Leiden" Brill Academic Publishers 2015

47 D. Verney, "Parliamentary Reform in Sweden 1866-1921" Clarendon Press 1957

48 E. Raymond Lindgren, "Norway-Sweden: Union, Disunion and Scandinavian Integration" Princeton University Press 1959

49 "Norway and Sweden mark 200 years of peace"

50 Bo Stråth, "Normative Foundations of the Welfare State – The Nordic experience" Routledge 38-, 2005

51 Bo Stråth, "Nordic Modernity: Origins, Trajectories and Prospects" 77 (77): 5-23, 2004

52 Mikael af Malmborg, "Neutrality and State-Building in Sweden" Palgrave 2001

53 Alf Johansson, "Neutralitet och försvar. Perspektiv påsvensk säerhetspolitik 1809–1985" Militarhistoriska forlaget 1986

54 Lief Lewin, "Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics" Cambridge University Press 1989

55 Niels Kærgård, "Economic and Monetary Union in Europe: Theory, Evidence and Practice" Edward Elgar Publishing 47-57, 2003

56 B. Stråth, "Democratization in Scandinavia in Comparison" Gothenburg University 1988

57 Martti Koskenniemi, "Creating Community and Ordering the World: The European Shadow of the Past and Future of the Present, Report from the Research Project Europe between Restoration and Revolution, National Constitutions and International Law: an Alternative View on the Century 1815-1914" University of Helsinki 2014

58 Ingvar Andersson, "A History of Sweden" Praeger 1955

59 Malgorzata Pakier, "A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance" Berghahn Books 2010

60 Neil Kent, "A Concise History of Sweden" Cambridge University Press 2008

61 정치학대사전편찬위원회, "21세기 정치학대사전" 아카데미아리서치 2002

62 이동기, "20세기 평화텍스트 15선" 아카넷출판사 2013

63 박상섭, "1차 세계대전의 기원 – 패권 경쟁의 격화와 제국체제의 해체" 아카넷 2014

64 최덕규, "1907년 헤이그평화회의와 러시아의 대한정책" 고려사학회 (30) : 355-386, 2008