Ultrafast optical spectroscopy aims to understand dynamic electronic and photonic behaviors in atoms, molecules, solids and hybrid systems. It has significantly contributed to not only extension of fundamental physical knowledge but also developments ...
Ultrafast optical spectroscopy aims to understand dynamic electronic and photonic behaviors in atoms, molecules, solids and hybrid systems. It has significantly contributed to not only extension of fundamental physical knowledge but also developments of high-speed optoelectronic devices. Topological insulators (TIs) and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) are recently discovered quantum systems exhibiting various excellent optical and electronic properties. Here, we investigate ultrafast optical properties of these systems by using femtosecond laser pulses. In TIs, where Dirac-like topological surface states (TSSs) co-exist with an underlying bulk insulator, we study static/non-equilibrium properties of surface electrons, collective modes, and interference phenomena through time-resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. We find that TSS scattering strongly depends on the carrier transfer from underlying bulk insulator. Fano-type profiles are also observed, which arises from coherent interaction between the TSS electronic absorption and the bulk optical phonon mode. Besides bare TIs, we study TI micro-ribbon array structures to control the collective charge oscillation of TSS fermions. This collective mode, the so-called surface plasmon, has been efficiently controlled by an optical short pulse, manifesting unprecedented ultra-high modulation depth. In studies of atomically-thin TMDs, we investigate ultrafast dynamics of excitons in highly confined in the 2D space. Time-resolved optical pump-probe measurements reveal that exciton-exciton-interactions play key role in determining transient excitonic spectra under photoexcitation. Coherent light-matter interaction in anisotropic 2D TMD system is also studied, where two excitons are selectively tuned by choosing polarizations of incident laser pulses. Especially, completely distinct optical selection rules of these excitons enable energy-selective manipulation of quantum levels on an ultrafast time scale. Our findings provide foundations for developments of novel TI- and 2D TMD-based ultrafast optical devices.