Korea has seen social problems emerging with gradually growing economic and social losses from its vulnerable response to climate change due to its rapid industrialization and urban development focusing on growth. Especially, it is important to improv...
Korea has seen social problems emerging with gradually growing economic and social losses from its vulnerable response to climate change due to its rapid industrialization and urban development focusing on growth. Especially, it is important to improve countermeasure ability in an integrated way as damage to human life and increase of cooling load from abnormal high temperature and heat island effect in cities due to extreme heat in summer have been intensified over years and days with the simultaneous occurrence of heat island effect such as tropical night on days with extreme heat have gradually increased. However, G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) certification keeps most of the existing certification standards and evaluation systems based on the former GBCC (Green Building Certification Criteria), so that it has failed to make considerations on abilities responding to climate change to the point. Under these circumstances, it is high time to have the improving factors with the review on the evaluation system in G-SEED which has been enforced recently. Especially, it is necessary to supplement the current system in an effort for G-SEED to play an actual role for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gases in response to climate change in the future.
Under these circumstance, cities occupy 70% of greenhouse gas emissions over the world. As residential complexes consist of important residential density among them, they become important strategic points in response to climate change.
Accordingly, this study derived planning factors for residential complexes in response to extreme heat and heat island effect through studying the related theories, literatures and preceding studies in an effort to improve evaluation items for the assessment on residential complexes in G-SEED in consideration of response to extreme heat and heat island effect, while deriving implications through analysis on the examples of domestic and foreign residential complexes based on those factors. In addition, this study suggested the improving factors for each sector relating to G-SEED as our domestic certification for environmentally friendly residential complexes through analysis on evaluation items on domestic and foreign green standards for energy and environmental design according to the derived planning factors. This study also suggested the point distribution system on the improved evaluation items through the calculation of weight with the derivation of priority for evaluation items by applying AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) through a questionnaire survey on experts for the improved plan on evaluation items. The conclusions of this paper through these processes are shown below;
First, the complex planning factors responding to extreme heat and heat island effect appeared to be the wind corridor plan, green plan, utilization of water spaces and water resources, and plan for materials. Subsequently, 14 detail criteria were derived. As a result of analysis on 8 domestic and foreign residential complexes based on these factors, the detail planning details for each criterion have been applied in most cases and additional planning factors appeared depending on the regional characteristics of each residential complex.
Second, as a result of comparative analysis on the reflection ratio of planning factors for residential complexes responding to extreme heat and heat island effect for evaluation items on each assessment area of domestic and foreign certification system, domestic and foreign green standards for energy and environmental design included some or whole of the planning factors. Consequently, it was considered valid to reflect the planning factors of residential complexes responding to extreme heat and heat island effect on the evaluation items for our domestic certification system. However, our domestic certification system showed the limitation of its applied scope for evaluation items responding to extreme heat and heat island effect because it only keeps the certification system for the unit of buildings. On the other hand, countries such as USA, UK and Japan among others keep the certification system for the unit of a residential complex, neighborhood and city in addition to the certification system for the unit of buildings, as well as the systematic evaluation items for residential complexes and external environments in response to extreme heat and heat island effect. Accordingly, not just the improvement on evaluation items on the current multi-dwelling house area but also the introduction of the certification system for the unit of a residential complex and neighborhood ultimately appeared to be necessary even for our country.
Third, this study suggested the point distribution system with improvement plans on evaluation items per the assessment area of G-SEED in response to extreme heat and heat island effect.
The priority and weight for each assessment area responding to extreme heat and heat island effect for each assessment area appeared to be the biological environment, energy and environmental pollution, control of water circulation, materials and resources, land use and traffic, indoor environment, and maintenance sequentially.
The importance of accessability to public transportation appeared to be the greatest in the priority and weight for the assessment item of land use and traffic, followed sequentially by the importance of the building size planning and main block layout to bring in the temperature reduction through air circulation with preservation of biological value on the existing land. The next sequentially appeared to be the validity of actions for the prevention of interference on the access to sunlight, status on the development of roads dedicated to pedestrians within a complex, development level of community center and facility, status on the network connectivity to roads dedicated to pedestrians, distance between urban and regional centers and the complex center, and status on the installation of bicycle storage and road.
The separate collection of recycle resources and albedo plan of materials in consideration of response to heating environments fell under the higher group in the materials and resources sector, followed sequentially by the variability of flat plane, use of products with the environmentally friendly certification, display of information on carbon emission of materials, reduction of food wastes, and validity of actions for the control of using living furniture.
The priority on the development of water spaces and water facilities appeared to be the greatest in the water circulation control, followed sequentially by the validity of actions for the reduction of rainfall load, validity of actions for the reduction of recycle water supply, use of rainwater, and installation of gray water.
The ecological environment area is an assessment area where the planning factors for residential complexes responding to extreme heat and heat island effect are most evaluated. The priority was higher in the order of the ecological area ratio, development of linked green axis and green ratio of natural ground. The next sequentially appeared to be the development of biotope, wind corridor planning in link with the biological environment, and validity of plantation planning.
This study has significance as the basic data for the study on the certification system improvement in consideration of responses to climate change as it suggested the evaluation items and point distribution systems of domestic green standards for energy and environmental design in an effort to plan and evaluate residential complexes responding to extreme heat and heat island effect under the circumstance where no specific reflection of abilities responding to disasters from climate change has been made yet in our domestic certification system. However, this study has limitations because it does not consider other disasters from climate change such as heavy rain, heavy storm, drought and heavy snow among others in an integrated way, when G-SEED is considered evaluating the overall performance on environment. Accordingly, additional studies should be supported for responses to disasters from climate change other than extreme heat and heat island effect in the future.