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다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

0. Introductory.
This is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming class words of Korean. It is summarised as follows.
1. Methodology.
The analysis of morphemic classes is depend upon the theory of structural linguistics and transformation.
There are two principles which we may apply in identifying morphemic classes. None of them is complete in itself.
Principle 1: Substitution
Principle 2: Expansion
There are five pimary types of orphological classes and one particle in Korean : Noun Class, Verb Class, Copulative Class, Attributive Class, Determinative Class and Particle(group).
2. Noun Class.
2.1. Pattern of N(oun) Class:
N → PX-N, N-IX-N, A-SX, P
N-SX, N1N2 A-Vn, A etc.
2.2. Description of External Distribution of Noun Class:
Sequences of N: Immediate Constituents(IC).
IC of Noun Class:
N+P → N+Ø, Vd+N, D+N
N+C → N+Ø, Cd+N, A+N etc.
2.3. Suprasegmental Feature of Noun Class.
Juncture in Morphemic Sequences of Noun Class:
***** → single N(oun) class e.g. *****→N:*****
***** → single N class e.g. *****→N:*****
Bn∥ F → sequences of class e.g. D∥N → D+N: 그∥사람
There are a number of morphophonemic alternations of primary morpheme in accordance with the juncture.
2.4. Subclass of Noun Class.
Noun class word may be subdivided as follows.
Free forms: Propo noun v.s. Common noun
Pronoun v.s. Numeral noun
Bound form: Bound noun
3. Verb Class.
3.1. Internal Distribution (pattern) & Grammatical Category of V(erb) Class.
V → ST - AX
ST - AX → ST-SX, PX - ST - SX
ST → ST(R): 가-, 높-
N - SXd: 사랑-하
D - SXd: 새-롭
A - SXd: 못-하-
ST - SXd: 높-히-, 두리-업-
SX → SXd - SXinf
SXd → Fortification (order 1): e.g. ｛-치-｝etc.
Causative & Passive (order 2): e.g. ｛-히-｝,｛-이-｝ etc
SX inf → Nonclosed SX - Closed SX.
Nonclosed SX →
Honorific (order 3) e.g.｛-시-｝etc.
Aspect (a) (order 4) e.g.｛-겠-｝etc
Form (a) (order 5) e.g.｛-ㅂ-｝etc.
Aspect (b) (order 6) e.g.｛-더-｝etc.
Form (b) (order 7) e.g.｛-이-｝
Closed SX → Mood (final, order 8)
Class formative SX (rifer 8)
Mood → Statement e.g.｛-다｝etc.
Question e.g.｛-가｝etc.
Imperative e.g.｛-라｝etc.
Persuation e.g.｛-자｝etc.
Interjection e.g.｛-구나｝etc.
Class formative SX → N formative e.g.｛-기｝etc.
D formative e.g.｛-는｝etc.
A formative e.g.｛-아｝etc.
3.2. IC of Verb Stem & Suffixes
ST-1-, ST-2-, ST-3-, ST-4, ST-5, ST-(5-6)-. ST-(3-5-6)-, ST-(6-7)-, ST-8
3.3. Description of External Distribution of Verb Class.
IC of Verb Class:
A+V→V+A (N +Ca)+V→(N +Ca)
Va+V ｛( + Cn) +p) + V
→V+｛(N+Cn)+p｝
Va+P Va+(N+P)+V etc.
3.4. Modulation of verb class.
Terminal juncture:
Statement:｛□｝e.g. -오 □, -아 etc.
Question: *****/e.g. -오□, -아□ etc.
Imperative: ｛□｝ e.g. -오↓, -아↓ etc.
Persuation: ｛□｝ e.g. -아□
Interjection: ｛□｝ e.g. -구려(↓)
Interjection "-구려" may be grasped by its own segmental morpheme without the any consideration of suprasegmental feature.
2.5. Subclass of V (-erb) Class.
V - Verb → primary verb
Auxillary verb
Adjective → primary Adjective
Auxillary Adjective
4. Copula(tive) class.
4.1. Nature of Copula (ita 'is'):
1) Copula is neither particle nor inflectional suffix.
2) Copula could be the lexeme(word)
3) Copula should be deal with independent class apart from verb class.
4.2. Pattern and Grammatical Category of Copula Class.
C → ST-SX e.g. i -ta
ST → ｛i-｝ /y-, Ø-/
SX → Nonclosed SXinf-Closed SXinf
4.3. If of Copula
N+C ｛(N+Cn)+P｝+C
(N+P) + C (N+Cd)+N etc.
4.4. Modulation of Copula
4·4 1. Internal & External Juncture
*****
2) N□C In this case, juncture □∥ # are allomorphs defined by the optional condition.
e.g. 새□다, 새∥이다, 새 # Ø
3) *****
4.4 2. Terminal Juncture
There are two types of primary terminal juncture on the mood suffices of copula.
1) □ e.g. i-o□
2) □ e.g. i-o□
5. Attributive Class.
5.1. Pattern of Attributive Class.
A→ A ± P. D + N + Va, Vd+N, A,
A ± SX, D+ N + SX, Vd + N + SX, A2 D + N + P etc.
5.2. IC of A(ttributive)
A + V A + (N+C)
A + N A+ (A2+A3)
A + D A + ｛(N+P) +V｝etc.
5.3. Modulation of A.
There is always a closed juncture in the internal immediate constituents of attributive class. If there occurs such form as # (silence) in IC of attributive class, this class should be treated as sequences of two classes.
In the external distribution of A, IC of A may be differentiated its pattern in term of juncture.
i.e. A1 ∥ (A2□ V) e.g.어서 ∥ 빨리□ 보자
(A1□A2) ∥ V e.g. 어서□빨리 ∥ 보자 etc.
6. Determinative Class
6.1 Difference between Determinative and Prefixes.
1) A great number of possible nouns are preceded by determinative class.
A number of nouns are preceded by prefixes.
2) Determinative class may be treated as a lexeme.
Prefixes may not be treated as a lexeme.
7. Particle
7.1. Particle is the syntactical function word which has the grammatical meaning and may be treated as a lexeme.
7.2. Pattern of P (article):
P → P, STv-Afsx, N, etc.
7.3. IC of P:
N + P, Vn + P, N + P1 + P2, Va + P, V + P, (N + C) + P, A + P, etc.
7.4. Clasification & Identification of Particle
Particle is devided into two structures.
One is the particle of hierachical structure (Hp), the other is the particle of sentence final (Sp).
Particle of hierachical structure is divided into four groups : particle of NP (NPp), particle of D(Dp), Particle of Equivalent (Ep), and particle of A(Ap).
P → HP → NPp
Dp
Ep
Ap
SP

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