Hydrology and water supply for pond aquaculture

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅸ
• Symbols = xi
• Abbreviations = xix
• Customary Metric Conversion Factors = xxi
• Introduction = 1
• Amount of Water Use = 2
• Sources of Water = 3
• Ponds = 5
• Alternatives to Ponds = 7
• Water Supply Development = 7
• Environmental Impacts = 8
• PART I : HYDROLOGY, MORPHOMETRY, AND SOILS
• 1 Physical Properties of Water and Water Cycle = 13
• 1.1 Introduction = 13
• 1.2 Physical Properties = 13
• 1.3 Pressure = 23
• 1.4 Water Flow = 27
• 1.5 The Hydrologic Equation = 31
• 1.6 Watersheds = 32
• 1.7 The Water Cycle = 32
• 1.8 Distribution of Water on the Earth's Surface = 35
• 2 Rainfall = 37
• 2.1 Introduction = 37
• 2.2 The Process = 37
• 2.3 Types of Rainfall = 39
• 2.4 Transportation of Water Vapor and Precipitation = 42
• 2.5 Measuring Rainfall = 47
• 2.6 Rainfall at a Point = 49
• 2.7 Rainfall over an Area = 58
• 3 Evaporation = 63
• 3.1 Introduction = 63
• 3.2 The Process = 64
• 3.3 Estimates of Evaporation = 65
• 3.4 Measuring Evaporation with Instruments = 69
• 3.5 Evaporation Rates = 72
• 3.6 Precipitation-Evaporation Relationship = 76
• 3.7 Water Loss by Plants = 77
• 3.8 Determining Evapotranspiration = 80
• 3.9 Rates of Evapotranspiration = 88
• 3.10 Hydroclimate = 90
• 4 Runoff = 92
• 4.1 Introduction = 92
• 4.2 The Process = 92
• 4.3 Methods for Estimating Runoff = 93
• 4.4 Amounts of Runoff = 108
• 4.5 Streams = 112
• 5 Water Requirements for Aquacultural Ponds = 121
• 5.1 Introduction = 121
• 5.2 Basic Water Budget Equations = 121
• 5.3 Measurements of Variables = 122
• 5.4 Examples of Measured Water Budgets = 129
• 5.5 Estimating Water Requirements = 132
• 5.6 Climatic Factors = 143
• 5.7 Seepage Effects on Water Requirements = 146
• 5.8 Pond-Filling Time = 147
• 6 Water Conservation = 148
• 6.1 Introduction = 148
• 6.2 Control of Evaporation = 148
• 6.3 Seepage Reduction = 151
• 6.4 Storage Capabilities = 157
• 6.5 Water Harvesting = 160
• 6.6 Water Reuse = 162
• 7 Morphometric and Edaphic Factors Affecting Pond Design = 164
• 7.1 Introduction = 164
• 7.2 Morphometry = 164
• 7.3 Soils = 171
• 7.4 Sediment = 181
• 7.5 Turbidity and Color = 185
• PART II : DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY AND POND SYSTEMS
• 8 Open-Channel Flows = 189
• 8.1 Introduction = 189
• 8.2 Conservation of Energy in Open-Channel Flows = 189
• 8.3 Continuity Equation = 192
• 8.4 The Manning Equation = 193
• 8.5 Best Hydraulic Section = 198
• 8.6 Stability of Open Channels = 199
• 8.7 Channel Design = 207
• 9 Pipe Flows = 224
• 9.1 Introduction = 224
• 9.2 Hydraulic Principles of Pipe Flows = 224
• 9.3 Head Losses in Pipe Flows = 231
• 9.4 Design Techniques of Pipelines = 241
• 9.5 Water Hammer = 249
• 9.6 Culverts = 251
• 9.7 Siphons = 260
• 10 Water Measurement = 264
• 10.1 Introduction = 264
• 10.2 Units = 264
• 10.3 Principles of Water Measurement = 265
• 10.4 Small Flows = 266
• 10.5 Water Measurement of Open-Channel Flows = 267
• 10.6 Water Measurement of Pipe Flows = 292
• 10.7 Water Measurement for Culverts and Siphons = 299
• 11 Pumps and Pumping = 300
• 11.1 Introduction = 300
• 11.2 Centrifugal Pumps = 301
• 11.3 Performance of Centrifugal Pumps = 309
• 11.4 Power Units = 331
• 11.5 Pump Selection = 349
• 11.6 Cost of Pumping Water = 352
• 11.7 Installation of Pumps = 355
• 11.8 Operation and Maintenance of Pumps = 355
• 12 Ground Water and Wells = 359
• 12.1 Introduction = 359
• 12.2 Aquifers = 359
• 12.3 Wells = 370
• 12.4 Pumping of Ground Water = 389
• 12.5 Well Test = 393
• 12.6 Well Construction = 394
• 13 Pond Design and Construction = 397
• 13.1 Introduction = 397
• 13.2 Site Selection = 398
• 13.3 Soils = 400
• 13.4 Embankments = 405
• 13.5 Water-Control Structures = 413
• 13.6 Pond Bottom = 425
• 13.7 Other Features = 426
• 13.8 Excavated Ponds = 427
• 13.9 Surveying and Staking = 428
• 13.10 Example Problems for Pond Design = 429
• 14 Pond Effluents = 438
• 14.1 Introduction = 438
• 14.2 Water Quality in Ponds = 439
• 14.3 Volume of Effluents = 443
• 14.4 Dilution and Assimilation by Receiving Waters = 444
• 14.5 Effects of Effluents on Water Supply = 445
• 14.6 Mitigation = 446
• 14.7 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture = 448
• Appendix A Conversion Tables = 453
• Appendix B Determining Friction Head Losses due to Pipe and Pipe Fittings = 459
• References = 469
• Index = 479