종족 현상의 다층적 맥락: 에티오피아 아셀라 타운의 사례를 중심으로 = The Multi-layered Context of the Ethnic Phenomenon: Focused on the Case of Asella Town, Ethiopia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to examine the ethnic phenomenon in the multi-layered context, based upon data collected from my fieldwork in Asella Town, Ethiopia. The town has experienced few ethnic conflicts at the collective level because of ecological conditions, the numerical balance between the two major ethnic groups―i.e., the Oromo and the Amhara―, frequent ethnic intermarriages as well as effects of a unique sociocultural practice of `breast-feeding.` However, despite positive influences of such a practice, the local community has continuously witnessed discrimination and threats by the dominant ethnic group. Most of my informants feel that ethnic intermarriage contributes to: (ⅰ) enforcement of bonds among both ethic groups and community members, (ⅱ) acquisition of different ethnic cultures, (ⅲ) cultivation of the spirit of tolerance among people, and (ⅳ) production of the superior second generation that has hybrid/multiple ethnic identities. However, some informants harbor negative attitudes towards ethnic intermarriage because they perceive it as a selfish choice of two parties and damages ethnic identity. Most informants consider ongoing Oromonization as natural, whereas others insist that it should be understood in the context of coercion, superficiality and survival strategy.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 설병수, "에티오피아의 종족 연방주의와 종족 갈등" 한국아프리카학회 43 : 49-88, 2014

2 Macfarlane, Julie, "Working Towards Restorative Justice in Ethiopia: Integrating Traditional Conflict Resolution System with the Formal Legal System" 8 : 2007

3 Ruane, Joseph, "The Roots of Intense Ethnic Conflict May Not in Fact Be Ethnic: Categories, Communities and Path Dependence" Institute for the Study of Social Change, University College Dublin 2003

4 Lubo, Teferi, "The Post 1991 ‘Inter-ethnic’ Conflicts in Ethiopia : An Investigation" 4 (4): 2012

5 Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Vesna, "The Politics, Practice and Paradox of ‘Ethnic Security’ in Bosnia-Herzegovina" 4 (4): 2015

6 Jalata, Asafa, "The Oromo in Exile: Creating Knowledge and Promoting Social Justice" 6 (6): 2011

7 Abebe, Ano Alula, "The Luba Basa Institution: The Challenge on Shinasha Identity" 1 (1): 2012

8 설병수, "The Dynamics of Ethnic Relations in Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Study of Meki Town, Oromia Regional State" 한국아프리카학회 42 : 111-147, 2014

9 Abebe, Semahagn Gashu, "The Dilemma of Adopting Ethnic Federal System in Africa in Light of the Perspectives from Ethiopian Experience" 4 (4): 2012

10 Mann, Michael, "The Dark-side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing" Cambridge University Press 2004

11 Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, "The Cultural Contexts of Ethnic Differences" 26 (26): 1991

12 Mohammadzadeh, Hossien, "The Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Multi-ethnic Societies" 42 : 2016

13 Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, "The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report at Country Level" Central Statistical Agency 2007

14 Hwang, Sean-Shong, "Structural and Assimilationist Explanations of Asian American Intermarriage" 59 (59): 1997

15 Dejene, Gemechu, "Some Aspects of Conflict and Conflict Resolution among Waliso Oromo of Eastern Macha, with Particular Emphasis on the Guma" Addis Ababa University 2002

16 Saenz, Rogelio, "Persistence and Change in Asian Identity among Children of Intermarried Couples" 38 (38): 1995

17 Alba, Richard D., "Patterns of Ethnic Marriage in the United States" 65 : 1986

18 Ukiwo, Ukoha, "On the Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria" Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, University of Oxford 2005

19 Calhoun, Craig, "Nationalism and Ethnicity" 19 : 1993

20 Robinson, Amanda Lea, "National versus Ethnic Identity in Africa: State, Group, and Individual Level Correlates of National Identification" Prepared for Working Group in African Political Economy, University of California 2009

21 Kymlicka, Will, "Nation-building and Minority Rights: Comparing West and East" 26 (26): 2000

22 Van Aswegen, "Language Maintenance and Shift in Ethiopia: The Case of Maale" University of South Africa 2008

23 Hutchinson, John, "Introduction" Oxford University Press 1996

24 Kalmijn, Matthijs, "Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns, Trends" 24 : 1998

25 Tsega, Endalew Etefa, "Inter-ethnic Relations on a Frontier: Matakkal (Ethiopia), 1898-1991" Harrassowitz Verlag 2006

26 Teressa, Cherana, "Indigenous Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution among the Soddo Oromo with Particular Emphasis on Guma and Wada Practices" Haramaya University 2016

27 Tenaw, Zigale Tamir, "Indigenous Institutions as an Alternative Conflict Resolution Mechanism in Eastern Ethiopia: The Case of the Ittu Oromo and Issa Somali Clans" 16 (16): 2016

28 Jalata, Asafa, "Gadaa (Oromo Democracy): An Example of Classical African Civilization" 5 (5): 2012

29 Teshome, Wondwosen, "Federalism in Africa: The Case of Ethnic-based Federalism in Ethiopia" 5 (5): 2008

30 Abe, Toyin, "Federalism and Citizenship Dilemmas in Africa: Ethiopia and Nigeria in Comparison" 3 (3): 2016

31 La Ferrara, Eliana, "Family and Kinship Ties in Development: An Economist’s Perspective" 2007

32 Bates, Robert H., "Ethnicity, Capital Formation, and Conflict" Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame 1999

33 Vaughan, Sarah, "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" The University of Edinburgh 2003

34 Weinfeld, Morton, "Ethnicity and Culture in Canada: The Research Landscape" University of Toronto Press 1994

35 Abbink, Jon, "Ethnicity and Conflict Generation in Ethiopia: Some Problems and Prospects of Ethno-regional Federalism" 24 (24): 2006

36 Yang, Philip Q., "Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches" State of New York Press 2000

37 Freedman, Maurice, "Ethnic Puzzles" 5 (5): 1976

38 Alem, Habtu, "Ethnic Pluralism as an Organizing Principle of the Ethiopian Federation" 28 (28): 2004

39 Ruttan, Lore, "Ethnic Interactions: Analysis of a Sample of Boundaries" University of California 2006

40 Mengistu, Muhabie Mekonnen, "Ethnic Federalism: A Means for Managing or a Triggering Factor for Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia" 4 (4): 2015

41 Aalen, Lovise, "Ethnic Federalism and Self-determination for Nationalities in a Semi-authoritarian State: The Case of Ethiopia" 13 (13): 2006

42 Jebena, Beresa Abera, "Ethnic Federalism and Democratic Developmental State in Ethiopia: Some Points of Contradiction" 3 (3): 2015

43 Vanhanen, Tatu, "Ethnic Conflicts : Their Biological Roots in Ethnic Nepotism" Ulster Institute for Social Research 2012

44 Amsalu, Desalegn, "Ethiopian Ethnic Federalism: A ‘God-sent’ Opportunity for All Ethnic Groups?" 2 (2): 2014

45 Asylum Research Consultancy, "Ethiopia COI Query Responses: The Master Plan, OLF Members and Their Family Members, Ill-treatment by State Agents of Oromo Persons Who Are Not Politically Active"

46 Záhořík, Jan, "Debating Language Policy in Ethiopia" 18 (18): 2009

47 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, "Constitution of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"

48 Tsega, Endalew Etefa, "Conflict Resolution through Cultural Tolerance: An Analysis of the Michu Institution in Metekkel Region" Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa 2002

49 Clapham, Christopher, "Centralization and Local Response in Southern Ethiopia" 74 (74): 1975

50 Maru, Mehari Taddele, "Causes, Dynamics, and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia" Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, German Institute for International and Security Affairs 2017

51 Blackhurst, Hector, "Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries" The Red Sea Press, Inc. 1996

52 Horowitz, Donald L., ", Ethnic Groups in Conflict" University of California Press 1985