Human motivation : a social psychological approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION = 2
• The Domain of Motivation = 1
• What Is Motivation? = 2
• Motivation in Context = 5
• The Social Nature of Motivation = 5
• The Historical Background of Motivational Psychology = 6
• Classical Conceptions of Motivation = 6
• Voluntarism = 7
• Materialism = 8
• British Empiricism and Kant = 9
• The 19th Century = 10
• Metaphors of Motivation = 13
• Motivation and Cognition = 16
• New Directions in the Study of Motivation = 19
• Brief Overview of the Book = 20
• Chapter Summary = 20
• 2 GOALS IN MOTIVATION = 22
• Goals, Needs, and Reference Persons = 23
• Incentive and Motivational Striving = 27
• Expectancy and Value = 28
• Goal Setting and Performance = 28
• Goal Difficulty and Specificity = 29
• Goal Attractiveness and Effort = 30
• Commitment to Goals = 34
• Summary of Goal Setting = 38
• Goal Conflict and Ambivalence = 38
• Attributions and Goals = 39
• Other Effects of Goal Setting And Commitment = 42
• Goals and Cognitive Activity = 42
• Goal-Directed Activity and Social Perception = 43
• Goals as Sources of Behavioral Cues = 44
• Conclusion = 45
• Chapter Summary = 45
• 3 ACTION CONTROL IN MOTIVATION = 48
• Discrepancy and Motivation = 49
• Early History of the Concept = 49
• Homeostasis as a Discrepancy Model = 50
• Discrepancy, Arousal, and Affect = 51
• Discrepancies and Feedback = 52
• The Place of Will in Motivation = 58
• The Distinction Between Will and Intention = 58
• Stages of Action = 59
• Processes Within the Stages = 60
• Effects of Action and State Orientations = 64
• Motivational Change = 67
• Protective Strategies = 69
• Chapter Summary = 73
• 4 THE SELF IN MOTIVATION = 75
• Theories of Actual-Ideal Self Discrepancies = 77
• Self-Awareness and Negative Affect = 77
• Self-Focus and Action Control = 78
• Goal States Related to the Self = 84
• The Self as a Schema = 84
• Possible Selves = 85
• Ideal Self and Ought Self = 86
• Self-Esteem as a Basic Need = 89
• The Self in Social Comparison = 89
• The Self and Cognitive Dissonance = 95
• Motivation and Self-Defensive Strategies = 96
• Self-Handicapping = 97
• Excuse Making = 98
• Attributional Bias = 99
• Alcohol Use and Avoidance of Self-Focus = 100
• Symbolic Self-Completion = 101
• Self-Defensive Behavior as Denial and Withdrawal = 103
• Esteem : Personal or Social? = 104
• Chapter Summary = 105
• 5 MOTIVATION FOR COMPETENCE AND CONTROL = 107
• Motivation for Competence = 109
• Socialization of the Mastery Motive = 109
• Competence and Intrinsic Motivation = 116
• Effects of Rewards on Interest = 116
• Cognitive Evaluation Theory = 118
• Competence Valuation = 119
• Illusion of Control, Desire for Control, and Control Motivation = 121
• Epistemic Motivation = 123
• Self-Efficacy = 124
• Origins of Self-Efficacy = 124
• Effects of Self-Efficacy = 126
• The Uses of Control, Noncontrol, and Illusory Control = 128
• Learned Helplessness = 129
• The Desire for Noncontrol = 133
• The Benefits of Illusory Control = 133
• Chapter Summary = 134
• 6 THE THEMATIC APPROACH : ACHIEVEMENT, AFFILIATION, AND POWER = 137
• The Thematic Approach to Motivation = 137
• Murray's Concept of Needs = 138
• Motives as Conditioned Affect = 139
• Motives and Values = 140
• Implicit and Self-Attributed Needs = 141
• Natural Incentives and Motives = 142
• Achievement Motivation = 144
• Tendencies to Approach Success and Avoid Failure = 145
• An Alternative Viewpoint = 149
• Affiliative Motivation = 150
• Need for Affiliation = 150
• The Intimacy Motive = 150
• Attachment Theory and Motivation = 152
• Power Motivation = 154
• Behavioral Correlates of Power Motivation = 155
• A Model of Power Orientation = 155
• Power Syndromes = 158
• Power, Stress, and Illness = 159
• Conclusions = 160
• Chapter Summary = 160
• 11 STRESS AND MOTIVATION = 271
• Changing Conceptions of Stress = 272
• Stress as Physical Reaction = 272
• Psychological Variables in Stress = 273
• Toward a New Stress Model = 274
• A Model of Stress = 275
• Causes of Stress in Humans = 276
• Catastrophes = 276
• Major Life Events = 278
• Daily Hassles = 280
• Cognitive Appraisals and the Coping Process = 283
• Primary and Secondary Appraisals = 283
• Coping Effectiveness = 285
• Social Support and Stress = 287
• Personality, Stress, and Coping = 288
• Personality and Exposure to Situations = 288
• Personality as a Moderator of Stress Effects = 289
• Stress in the Workplace = 297
• Processes in Work Stress = 298
• Coping with Work Stressors = 299
• Chapter Summary = 299
• 12 CONCLUDING COMMENTS = 302
• References = 307
• Credits = 336
• Name Index = 337
• Subject Index = 343