The computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are state-of-the-art medical radiological techniques used to accurately detect early-stage cancer. Although they have undergone much technological advancement, CT and PET still ...
The computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are state-of-the-art medical radiological techniques used to accurately detect early-stage cancer. Although they have undergone much technological advancement, CT and PET still impart the highest radiation dose among the existing medical radiological techniques. Therefore, a more accurate method of dose measurement is needed.
The radiation dose of CT is generally represented by the CTDI. CTDI, however, does not accurately predict the actual patient doses for different human body sizes because it relies on a cylinder-shaped head (diameter: 16 cm) and body (diameter: 32 cm) phantom.
The first purpose of this study was to eliminate the drawbacks of the conventional CTDI and to provide more accurate radiation dose information. Therefore, CTDI was measured in an actual CT scanner, and different CTDI values were computed as a function of various CTDI phantom sizes, using GATE simulation. Moreover, a new method of computing the appropriate dose value corresponding to the actual patient size was proposed, using the attenuation value of a projection radiograph before the CT scan. Additionally, the radiation dose in each organ of a mouse was computed through the simulation.
In addition to CT, extensive research has been conducted on the newly developed PET radiotracers. It is essential to research on the responses and characteristics of a tracer before and after using it on a human body. The second purpose of this study, to determine the characteristics of the biodistribution and dosimetry of newly developed PET radiopharmaceuticals, were obtained using the radiopharmaceutical 124I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (124I-MIBG) during the preclinical study. The final effective dose was computed using the OLINDA/EXM v.1.1 program, by injecting a mouse with 124I-MIBG, obtaining images for different time pointers, and calculating the percentage of injected activity (% IA) for each organ. In addition, in the animal xenograft model of neuroblastoma, 124I-MIBG microPET/CT was used to estimate the radiation dose of 131I-MIBG.
A comparison between the simulated results and the physical measurements of CTDI showed an 8.3% difference for the head and a 4.1% difference for the body for various energies, and a 4.7% difference for the head and a 5.1% difference for the body for different positions. A comparison between the computed diameter using the attenuation information of the projection radiograph from a patient and the reconstructed axial images showed that 2% accuracy was maintained. The results of the simulations for the brain and liver doses and the physical measurements showed a 5.1% difference using a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), and the absorbed dose values for 37 brain tissue samples were calculated. The difference between the measured and simulated doses depended on the uncertainties in the X-ray tube effect, bowtie filter design, collimation design, beam quality, system geometry effect, etc.
The newly developed tracer 124I-MIBG showed a high uptake for the lung, heart, liver, kidney, bladder, and thyroid, and the dose uptake of each organ was computed. In addition, the dose of 131I-MIBG was predictable from the tumor dosimetry before the neuroblastoma treatment, and was found to be within the 1.23-7.19 MBq range.
This paper proposes a new method of accurately computing the radiation dose of CT based on the patient sizes therein. This method computes and provides the exact patient dose before the CT scan and can therefore be effectively used for imaging and dose control. In addition, it can be used to determine the characteristics of the biodistribution and dosimetry of newly developed PET radiopharmaceuticals, which will be used as essential data before applying the radiopharmaceuticals to humans.