Meaning and experience

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = ⅸ
• Part One : Background Theories : The Many Ways of Considering Meaning = 1
• 1. Three Approaches to Meaning = 3
• 1.1 Logical-philosophical semantics = 5
• 1.1.1. The concept of truth = 6
• 1.1.2. Theories of meaning with no mediation between sign and referent = 7
• 1.1.3. Sense and reference = 8
• 1.1.4. Intensions and possible worlds = 9
• 1.1.5. The drawbacks of model-theoretic semantics = 12
• 1.2. Structural semantics = 17
• 1.2.1. Meaning as value = 18
• 1.2.2. Semantic relations = 21
• 1.2.3. Semantic fields = 24
• 1.3. Cognitive semantics = 26
• 1.3.1. Semantics and understanding = 27
• 1.3.2 The non-autonomy of semantics = 29
• 1.3.3. Meanings and concepts = 31
• 1.3.4. Linguistic and non-linguistic : From the senses to sense = 32
• 1.3.5. Ontology : The language-world relationship = 35
• 1.3.6. The search for invariants : Localism, innatism, and motivation = 36
• 1.4 An impossible comparison? Partial conclusions = 39
• 1.4.1. Autonomy versus non-autonomy = 40
• 1.4.2. Externalism versus internalism = 40
• 1.4.3. Two different truths = 41
• 1.5. Toward a global semantics = 43
• Part Two : Formats of Semantic Representation = 49
• A. Classical Models = 51
• 2. Componential Analysis and Feature Semantics = 53
• 2.1. An initial distinction = 53
• 2.2. Features as necessary and sufficient conditions = 55
• 2.2.1. Binarism = 56
• 2.2.2. Dictionary and encyclopedia = 57
• 2.2.2.1. Analytic versus synthetic = 58
• 2.2.2.2. Knowledge of language versus knowledge of the world = 61
• 2.2.2.3. Essential versus accidental = 62
• 2.2.3. A philosophical criticism : Hilary Putnam = 64
• 2.3. Semantic primitives = 67
• 2.3.1. The search for primitives : Which theoretical project? = 67
• 2.3.2. Two types of primitive = 68
• 2.3.3. Primitives as natural semantic metalanguage = 70
• 2.3.4. The conceptual nature of primitives = 73
• 2.3.5. Primitives in semantic representation = 75
• 2.3.6. Primitives as instrumental devices = 78
• 2.3.7. Primitives as deep level = 80
• 2.4. The nature of features = 81
• 2.5. Conclusions = 83
• 3. A Synthesis and Some Problems = 85
• 3.1. Characteristics of the classical model = 85
• 3.2. The semiotic background : The sign as equivalence = 87
• 3.3. Cups without handles, green lemons, and adoptive mothers = 88
• 3.3.1. The boundaries of semantic categories = 88
• 3.3.2. Family resemblances = 90
• 3.3.3. Discrete exceptions = 91
• 3.3.4. Contextual resemanticization = 92
• B. Prototype Models = 95
• 4. The Alternative to the Classical Model = 97
• 4.1. The semantics of prototypes : A radical alternative? = 97
• 4.2. The vertical dimension = 99
• 4.2.1. The basic level = 100
• 4.2.2. Characteristics of the basic level = 102
• 4.2.2.1. Functional aspects : A corporeal phenomenology = 102
• 4.2.2.2. Perceptual-morphological aspects = 103
• 4.2.2.3. Informational aspects : The organization of knowledge = 104
• 4.2.3. Arbitrariness and motivation = 107
• 4.2.4. Universalism and relativism = 107
• 4.2.5. Possible linguistic and semiotic applications = 109
• 5. The Horizontal Dimension of Categories = 110
• 5.1. The nature of the prototype = 110
• 5.2. The semiotic background : The sign as inference = 111
• 5.3. Prototypicality and categorization = 112
• 5.4. Birds that don't fly : An example and some problems = 114
• 5.4.1. Membership and defining properties = 115
• 5.4.2. Why a bird which breastfeeds is not a bird = 116
• 5.4.3. Membership and psychological saliency = 117
• 5.5. How are prototypes formed? = 118
• 5.6. Prototype : Concrete token or abstract entity? = 120
• 5.7. The prototype and lexical meaning = 122
• 5.8. From the prototype to prototypical effects = 123
• 5.9. Prototypicality as prototypic notion = 125
• 5.10. The structure of polysemic categories : A case analysis = 126
• 5.11. Family resemblance : A new theory of categories? = 128
• 5.12. Radial categories and extension of the model = 130
• 5.13. Conclusions = 134
• 5.13.1. An evaluation = 134
• 5.13.2. Prototypicality and typicality = 135
• 5.13.3. Outstanding issues = 136
• Part Three : Proposal for an Experiential and Inferential Semantics = 137
• 6. The Structure of Semantic Properties = 141
• 6.1. Toward a hierarchy of properties = 141
• 6.2. Essential properties and typical properties = 142
• 6.3. Essential properties and membership criteria = 144
• 6.3.1. The status of essential properties = 146
• 6.3.1.1. Definitional terms = 148
• 6.3.1.2. Natural kinds = 149
• 6.3.1.3. Artifacts = 150
• 6.3.1.4. Are family resemblances always family resemblances? = 152
• 6.4. Typical properties = 154
• 7. The Delimitation of Lexical Meaning = 157
• 7.1. The selection of properties = 157
• 7.2. Radical encyclopedism = 158
• 7.3. Encyclopedic competence and semantic competence = 159
• 7.4. The nature of semantic competence = 160
• 7.4.1. The cultural stabilization of competence = 162
• 7.4.2. Degrees of conventionality = 165
• 7.4.3. Role of linguistic data in the determination of semantic competence = 166
• 7.5. Competence and competences = 169
• 7.5.1. Specialist knowledge = 169
• 7.5.2. Stylistic variants, connotations, and popular beliefs = 170
• 7.5.3. Individual knowledge = 172
• 7.5.4. Referential competence = 174
• 7.5.5. Idealized competence and individual competence = 179
• 8. Regularity and Context = 181
• 8.1. Regularity and variation in language = 181
• 8.2. Two views of context = 183
• 8.2.1. The externalist perspective : Property selection and radical pragmatics = 184
• 8.2.2. The internalist perspective : The word as creator of context = 185
• 8.3. The schematic nature of meaning = 188
• 8.3.1. The positive component : Scenes and prototypes = 191
• 8.3.2. The contrastive component : Frames and semantic fields = 195
• 8.3.3. The narrative component of lexical meaning = 198
• 8.4. Conclusions and unresolved questions = 201
• 9. Lexical Semantics and Textual Interpretation = 204
• 9.1. Semantically restricted inferences and non-restricted inferences = 204
• 9.2. Frames and schematic activation = 209
• 9.2.1. Default values and typicality = 210
• 9.3. Background and foreground : The structure of essential properties = 212
• 9.3.1. Two types of negation = 212
• 9.3.2. The case of presuppositions = 213
• 9.3.3. The hierarchy of properties = 216
• 10. The Many Dimensions of Meaning = 219
• 10.1. Toward an non-unified model of lexical semantics = 219
• 10.2. Forms of experience and the role of perception = 221
• 10.3. The nature of semantic properties = 225
• 10.4. Perceptual properties and functional properties : Experimental and neurolinguistic data = 228
• 10.5. The axiological dimension of lexical meaning = 231
• 10.5.1. Collective appreciations = 232
• 10.5.2. The thymic = 232
• 10.5.3. Tertiary qualities = 233
• 10.5.4. Pathemic semes = 235
• 10.5.5. The heterogeneity of semes and the stratification of content = 236
• NOTES = 243
• REFERENCES = 267
• INDEX = 283