북송 초 송·서하 전쟁 발발과 확전 = The Outbreak and Escalation of the Song-Western Xia War in the Early Northern Song Period

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the ninth century, East Asia was faced with a complicated international situation: the north-south axis (the Khitans and Song China), the eastwest axis (Western Xia and Goryeo), and several countries (including Turfan, Huigu and Southern Zhao) competed against each other. On the other hand, there began to emerge a “reversal of power” between the dynasty in central China and the dynasty of the northern border region.
Among these ancient kingdoms, Western Xia was the most measurable dynasty. First, Western Xia could not threaten the existence of its counterparts: the Khitans, Song China, or Jin. Also, they could not overwhelm Western Xia through military power. Although Western Xia was a small country the distant from central region, it was able to keep challenging Song China, and to put more pressure on Song China than the Khitans. It is interesting to note that the only enemy threatening Western Xia was not the Khitans, the great power, but Song China.
To generally understand this period, it is necessary to analyze the huayi concept (華夷論), the ancient Chinese strategy of surrounding countries and ethnic groups (以夷制夷), the concept of link relations,and financial policies. In is also necessary to examine the concept of territory in Song China, the authenticity of Taizong, the change of foreign policies with the loss to the Khitans, the checks and balances of military power in Song China, and the Khitans position against Song China and Western Xia. This paper seeks to examine the relations between Song China and Western Xia during the reign of Taizong.
Whereas Emperor Taizu had adopted a positive policy of appeasement toward the northwestern regions, Taizong handled the internal conflict in Dangxiang (党項) with more haste than caution, with his political ambition of authenticity. Finally, this contributed to cause a prolonged war of nearly 100 years. He lacked the military and political talent,moreover, He suffered from stress while striving to outperform Taizu.
This made a decisive diplomatic situation more worse.
Li Jiqian (李繼遷) defended his homeland against Song China’s attack with a guerrilla war which made effective use of the geographical features of the desert. and finally he was successful in establishing an independent regime with the support of the Khitans. Taizong, who had already lost his justification and practical benefits, adopted an appeasement policy, but this was too late to change the situation. What was worse, he suffered humiliation at the refusal of his offer of obedient vassal. Eventually, Song China was confronted with a severe political and military crisis in the last period of Taizong. His successor,Emperor Zhenzong had no choice but to sustain stability through the payment of annual tribute. Most of the fundamental problems in the Song dynasty were deeply rooted in the political failure of Taizong. At the same time, it came to be a major cause of failure in the foreign policy towards Western Xia.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 梁鍾國, "북송초 帝權 확립과 태종정권의 성격" 4 : 2000

2 脫脫, "金史" 中華書局 1995

3 陳炳應, "遼夏關系及其相互政策" 4-, 1991

4 脫脫, "遼史" 中華書局 1993

5 李華瑞, "貿易與西夏侵宋的關系" 3-, 1997

6 張 煉, "論北宋對西夏外交的失敗" 5-, 1994

7 徐 庄, "試論李繼遷的歷史作用" 4-, 1981

8 王天順, "試論宋夏戰爭中雙方戰略地位的變化" 3-, 1994

9 隴 夫, "試論宋·夏與吐蕃關系的幾個問題" 4-, 1991

10 金渭顯, "西夏與宋·契丹之關係(986~1048)" 7 : 1995

11 杜建錄, "西夏與周邊民族關系史" 甘肅文化出版社 1995

12 戴錫章, "西夏紀" 寧夏人民出版社 1988

13 王天順, "西夏戰史" 寧夏人民出版社 1996

14 吳天墀, "西夏史稿" 廣西師範大學出版社 2006

15 李燾, "續資治通鑑長編" 中華書局 2004

16 劉浦江, "松漠之間: 遼金契丹女眞史硏究" 中華書局 2008

17 范鎭, "東齋記事" 中華書局 1997

18 王稱, "東都事略" 中華書局 1997

19 羅矛昆, "李繼遷攻取灵州對西夏建國的作用" 3-, 1981

20 李克武, "李繼棒‘入覲納土’析論" 3-, 1988

21 李攸, "宋朝事實" 中華書局 1995

22 徐松, "宋會要輯稿" 中華書局 1997

23 李華瑞, "宋夏關系史" 河北人民出版社 1998

24 李 蔚, "宋夏橫山之爭述論" 6-, 1987

25 劉建麗, "宋夏戰爭中的秦州吐蕃" 4-, 1996

26 趙一匡, "宋夏對立與河湟地區的民族關系" 4-, 1987

27 李華瑞, "宋夏史硏究" 天津古籍出版社 2006

28 脫脫, "宋史" 中華書局 1995

29 朴志焄, "宋代華夷論硏究" 梨花女子大學 1990

30 張其凡, "宋代政治軍事論稿" 安徽人民出版社 2009

31 葛兆光, "宋代‘中國’意識的凸顯" 1-, 2004

32 安俊光, "宋·夏戰爭에 對하여" 39 : 1994

33 安俊光, "宋·夏7年戰爭에 對하여" 44 : 1997

34 金渭顯, "契丹의 對西夏政策②" 33 : 1986

35 金渭顯, "契丹의 對西夏政策①" 32 : 1985

36 廖隆盛, "國際貿易戰爭" 萬卷樓 2002

37 陳寅恪, "唐代政治史述論稿 (陳寅恪先生文集③)" 里仁書局 1982

38 朴志焄, "北宋의 對外經濟關係와 華夷觀: 對遼·西夏關係를 中心으로" 19 : 1990

39 金容完, "北宋과 遼·夏 邊境上의 密貿易 問題" 3 : 1987

40 趙繼顏, "北宋仁宗時的宋夏陝西之戰" 4-, 1980

41 湯開建, "党項西夏史探微" 允晨文化 2005

42 陳均, "九朝編年備要" 中華書局 2006

43 徐夢莘, "三朝北盟會編" 上海古籍出版社 1987

44 金渭顯, "‘宋史筌’西夏列傳, 宋史硏究論文集" 河北大學出版社 2002