Human evolution, reproduction, and morality

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART Ⅰ. BASIC PRINCIPLES
• 1. The Basic Approach = 3
• Introduction : The Nature of this Enterprise = 3
• Guidelines for Argument = 5
• Six Standards for Argument = 5
• Rawls and Methodology = 11
• Strategy of the Present Scheme of Argument = 14
• Some Additional Considerations = 16
• Plan of Attack = 20
• 2. The Naturalistic and Slippery Slope Fallacies = 23
• The Naturalistic Fallacy = 24
• Empathy and Ought = 29
• Restatement of the Biological Ought = 31
• The Value of Naturalism = 32
• The Study of Perception = 33
• The Slippery Slope Fallacy = 36
• Reductionism = 38
• Summary = 41
• 3. Basic Concepts : Evolutionary Mechanisms = 43
• Basic Biological Phenomena = 43
• Inheritance = 44
• Mutation = 44
• Natural Selection = 44
• Isolation = 45
• Genetic Drift = 45
• Intrinsic Factors = 46
• Extrinsic Factors = 47
• Natural Selection = 48
• Fitness = 50
• Sexual Recombination = 51
• Phylogeny and Ontogeny = 53
• Ethological Mechanisms = 55
• Parental Strategies = 56
• Imprinting = 58
• Experience-Expectant Structures = 59
• The Development of Bird Song = 61
• Avian Brood Parasites = 62
• Instances of Adult Imprinting = 63
• Summary = 64
• 4. Evolutionary Mechanisms and Human Behavior = 67
• Evolved Processes in Human Behavior = 67
• Some Games Reproduction Plays = 67
• The Interaction of Biological and Experiential Influences = 71
• Some Basic Evolved Processes = 73
• The Development of Human Speech and the Beginnings of Language = 74
• The Development of Spoken language = 80
• Early Stages of Language Development = 86
• The Evolution of Human Language = 88
• Innateness and Social Cognition = 91
• Summary = 94
• 5. The Evolved Human Social Condition = 95
• Basic Theory and Data = 95
• The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation = 95
• Patterns of Homicide = 97
• Age Preferences for Mates = 98
• Gender Differences in Partner Preferences = 100
• Sexual Strategies Theory = 101
• Human Dispersal Patterns = 104
• Additional Anthropological Data = 105
• Human Nature = 107
• A Bit of History = 107
• Cultural Evolution = 108
• The Evolution of Morality = 109
• Summary = 111
• Evolutionary Psychology = 112
• Genetic Determinism = 112
• Cultural Variability = 117
• Ideological Objections = 117
• Selective Use of Evidence = 119
• What Has Evolved? = 119
• 6. Basic Concepts : Moral Philosophy = 125
• Issues in Moral Philosophy = 125
• Types of Moral Theories = 126
• Basic and Derived Principles = 128
• Moral Agents and Moral Patients = 129
• What Is a Person? = 131
• Rights = 132
• Value = 134
• Justice = 135
• Cognitive Science = 137
• Rational Liberalism = 138
• Summary = 141
• 7. The Study of Moral Intuitions = 143
• Biology of Morality = 143
• Some Basic Moral Issues = 146
• Should Numbers Count? = 146
• Empricial Studies Of Moral Intuitions = 151
• Our Initial Empirical Study = 153
• Participants = 154
• Methods = 155
• Basic Dimensions = 157
• Results = 159
• Limitations = 162
• Cross-Cultural Study = 168
• Reanalysis of the First Study = 171
• Prediction of Stated Beliefs from Scale Strength = 173
• Conclusions = 174
• PART Ⅱ. ISSUES IN REPRODUCTION
• 8. Contraception, Abortion, and Infanticide : Issues and Arguments = 179
• Guidelines for Argument = 179
• Philosophical Concepts = 180
• Biological Concepts = 180
• Cognitive Concepts = 181
• Definitions = 181
• Moral Agents Have Personhood But All Persons Do Not Have Agency = 183
• Suggested Characteristics for Personhood = 186
• Arguments Regarding Personhood = 190
• Problems with Viability as a Criterion = 193
• 9. The Critical Nature of Personhood = 199
• Birth as a Critical Point in Human Development = 199
• Early Emotional Interactions = 202
• Birth as a Critical Biological Point = 205
• Dworkin and the Sanctity of Life = 207
• Moral Agency = 209
• Tooley's Neurophysiological Criteria for Personhood and Moral Agency = 210
• Characteristics of Cognitive Systems = 215
• Implications = 219
• Summary = 220
• 10. Contraception, Abortion, and Infanticide : Polar Positions = 223
• Positions Concerning Abortion = 223
• Restrictive Abortion Arguments = 223
• Permissive Abortion Arguments = 232
• Summary = 239
• 11. Abortion : Policy Considerations = 241
• Some Salient Concerns = 243
• Maternal Mortality and Morbidity of Abortion = 243
• The Case of RU 486 = 245
• Psychological Effects of Abortion = 249
• Guaranteeing a Minimal Life = 252
• Thoughts Regarding Infanticide = 255
• Sexual Inequality = 258
• Defective Fetuses = 264
• Consequentialist Value = 265
• Policy Summary = 267
• Moral Dimensions = 268
• Summary = 269
• 12. Reproductive Technologies = 271
• Techniques of Reproductive Assistance = 271
• Artificial Insemination (AI) = 271
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) = 273
• Surrogate Mothers = 276
• Moral Issues = 278
• Restrictive Position = 279
• Permissive Position = 281
• Cloning Human Embryos = 283
• Postmenopausal Mothers = 285
• Moral Implications = 287
• Policy Implications = 289
• Surrogate Mothers = 292
• Policy Recommendations Regarding Surrogacy = 295
• Research Using Embryos = 297
• Why Conduct Fetal Tissue Research? = 297
• The Techniques = 299
• Policy Questions = 300
• The Slippery Slope = 303
• Conclusion = 305
• 13. Epilogue = 307
• Reproductive Biology = 307
• Personhood = 308
• Evolutionary Principles = 309
• Moral Agency = 309
• The Empirical Foundation = 310
• Principles of Social Cognition = 312
• The Abortion Debate = 313
• Reproductive Technologies = 314
• References = 317
• Author Index = 331
• Subject Index = 335