This study examined the relationships between fandom engagement, online disinhibition effect (ODE), cyberbullying victimization and witnessing, and fandom disengagement among international K-pop fans on social media. A total of 177 participants, prima...
This study examined the relationships between fandom engagement, online disinhibition effect (ODE), cyberbullying victimization and witnessing, and fandom disengagement among international K-pop fans on social media. A total of 177 participants, primarily women from 40 countries, completed an online survey measuring levels of engagement with K-pop fandom, online behavior, experiences with cyberbullying on X (formerly Twitter), and intentions to disengage from fandom activities. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher fandom engagement significantly predicted greater online disinhibition and increased experiences of cyberbullying victimization. Additionally, witnessing cyberbullying was a significant predictor of fandom disengagement, while victimization alone did not significantly predict disengagement. Reliability analyses confirmed acceptable internal consistency for most scales, though the cyberbullying victimization scale showed marginal reliability. These findings suggest that while fandom engagement fosters connection, it may also expose fans to harmful online interactions, contributing to eventual withdrawal from fandom communities. The study highlights the need for safer digital spaces and improved awareness of cyberbullying within online fandoms.