宋代 瘟神신앙의 형성과 전개 ― 疫鬼에서 瘟神으로 ― = The Worship of the God of Pestilence (Wenshen) during the Song Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The people of the Song dynasty responded to the frequent epidemics in two ways: medicine and religion. First of all, the government and intellectuals of the Song Dynasty actively promoted the dissemination of medical knowledge to relieve the people suffering from the plague disaster and to eradicate the customs of shamanic treatment in southern China. On the other hand, the religious response has also undergone a notable change since the Song Dynasty, and it has been deviated from the vague fear of plague-causing demons and the reliance on exorcism for them, assuming the existence of a deity who can control the demons. In particular, through the worship of the God of Pestilence (Wenshen), the general public was able to escape from the vague fear of infectious diseases and heal the psychological trauma of the past.
This study aims to analyze from a new perspective the background of the seemingly contradictory phenomenon in which southern customs spread and became larger at the same time as the correction policy on the so-called southern customs was implemented extensively by the Song Dynasty and the ruling class. In particular, rather than concluding that the outbreak of infectious diseases and the rise of the worship of the God of Pestilence in the Song Dynasty are simply strong resistance to civilian customs, we would like to understand it in terms of balance and harmony between the official realm of the ruling class and the customary realm of the private sector.
Entering the Song Dynasty, assuming a more neutral image of higher-ranking gods who control the demons, temples were built for them, and periodic sacrifices and worship became more common and large-scale. In particular, the belief in the God of Plague during the Song Dynasty was the most representative form for the general public to visually recognize infectious diseases. In the end, it can be understood that in responding to the fear of epidemics in the Song Dynasty, the two realms had a mutually confrontational and complementary relationship at the same time.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 왕소영, "송대 교정의서국에 대한 고찰-학문연구의 근거구축의 관점을 중심으로-" 25 (25): 2004

2 이경록, "고려시대의 유행병 대응과 그 성격" 역사학회 (252) : 1-35, 2021

3 黄震, "黃氏日抄" 大化書局 1984

4 魏收, "魏書" 中華書局 1974

5 荘綽, "雞肋編" 中華書局 1983

6 姚思廉, "陳書" 中華書局 1972

7 李豊楙, "行瘟與送瘟道教與民眾瘟疫觀的交流和分歧" 1994

8 蘇頌, "蘇魏公文集" 中華書局 1988

9 鄭玄, "禮記正義" 浙江大學出版社 2019

10 山口建治, "瘟神の形成と日本におけるその波紋: オニ(鬼)の発生と怨霊御霊" 9 : 2013

11 蔡邕, "獨斷" 上海釋文出版社 2010

12 班固, "漢書" 中華書局 1962

13 조정은, "崇拜와 禁止: 淸代 福建의 五瘟神 信仰과 國家權力" 명청사학회 (27) : 307-361, 2007

14 徐松, "宋會要輯稿" 上海釋文出版社 2014

15 宋綬, "宋大詔令集" 中華書局 1997

16 脫脫, "宋史" 中華書局 2008

17 韓毅, "宋代瘟疫防治及其特点" 醫療社會史 (6) : 2020

18 韓毅, "宋代瘟疫的流行與防治" 商務印書館 2015

19 洪邁, "夷堅志" 中華書局 1988

20 김한신, "唐･宋代 災異論의 변화 ― 『舊唐書』 「五行志」 및 『新唐書』 「五行志」에 대한 분석을 중심으로 ―" 중국고중세사학회 (60) : 85-107, 2021

21 山口建治, "唐代瘟神五帝考御霊信仰の源流" 10 : 2014

22 令狐德棻, "周書" 中華書局 1971

23 龔勝生, "南宋時期疫災地理硏究" 30 (30): 2015

24 龔勝生, "北宋时期疫災地理研究" 26 (26): 2011

25 김한신, "北宋 朝廷의 民間信仰 統制 ― 民間信仰의 改革과 儒家的 禮的 秩序의 確立 ―" 동양사학회 (130) : 127-156, 2015

26 曲六乙, "中国儺文化通論" 学生書局 2003

27 失名, "三教源流捜神大全" 中華書局 2019

28 陳言, "三因極一病症方論" 人民衛生出版社 1957

29 李豊楙, "『道蔵』所收早期道書的瘟疫觀以『女青鬼律』及『洞淵神呪經』系爲主" (3) : 2014

30 林富士, "“舊俗”與“新風” 試論宋代巫覡信仰的特色" 24 (24): 2013

31 Hymes, Robert P, "Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and Models of Divinity in Sungand Modern China" University of California Press 2002

32 Hinrichs, T. J., "The Medical Transforming of Governance and Southern Customs in Song Dynasty China (960-1279 C.E.)" Harvard University 2003

33 Hinrichs, T. J., "The Catchy Epidemic: Theorization and its Limits in Han to Song Period Medicine" (41) : 2015

34 Robert P.Hymes, "Ordering the World:Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China" University of California Press 1993

35 Goldschmit, Asaf., "Epidemics and Medicine during the Northern Song Dynasty: The Revival of Cold Damage Disorders (Shanghan)" 93 (93): 76-, 2007

36 Katz, Paul R., "Demons or Deities? The Wangye of Taiwan" 46 (46): 1987

37 Paul Katz, "Demons or Deities? The Wangye of Taiwan" 46 (46): 1987

38 Katz, Paul R, "Demon Hordes and Burning Boats: The Cult of Marshal Wen in Late Imperial Chekiang" State University of New York Press 1995