듀이의 습관 개념 = John Dewey`s Concept on Habit

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and reorganize John Dewey`s concept of habit, for which is the basic study of educational program to have students habituate educative contents. 1. To begin with, the meanings of the habit used by Dewey were analysed. The general meaning of the word of `habit` is `fixed attitudes from some repeated acts`, but Dewey`s habit have comprehensive meanings involving thinking attitudes of mental treatment as well as physical attitudes. It is spread to intellectual, emotional, and moral disposition, and to executive skill, developed art. We can know that the habit in his thoughts is all results of human highly development, and on potential power which have strong influence on our following activities. 2. An essential condition of forming habit is `plasticity` that is a kind of immaturity. Plasticity is ocnsidered of the various abilities to meet our environment, pliable elasticity, and changing possibility. On the basis of it, habit is formed with operation of the two principles of interaction and continuity. The former means transaction of human and natural and social elements constituting his environment. The latter means that every experience is connected from operation that the preceeding one exerts some influences on the quality of the subsequent one. Our activities make continuous self-renewal by uniting of these two principles. In the process, habit get also to be refined according to its own organization. 3. Dewey thinks that human nature is made up by combination of three factors of habit, impulse and intelligence. He calls natural, instinctive and innate energy as `impulse`. Habits which are an formed one from past experience, if once foremed, have conservative perpetual quality. Impulse gets to make challenge to habit, and in turn habit obstructs impulse and come to defend himself. Inteligence, which is scientific method for problem solving, plays a role of control or guidance between impulse and old habit. Thus, the three factors of human nature operate in organic relationship, not in independent one. 4. In chapter 5, analysis on several qualities and modes of habit was tried. There is a tendency that habit is considered as its negative aspect. But Dewey makes efforts to emphasize its active aspect. On the other hand, there are individual and social one, that is custom, in habit. They have also the relation of interaction. We could say that our efforts for educatiion is making our children form educative or rational habits to be able to cope well. For the purpose of this, it is urgently demanded to make educative environment, even though individual efforts are needed.