The real estate price announcement in Korea was introduced to unify the public price. The first stage was introduced to land in 1989, and the second stage was introduced to housing in 2005. On January 1 of every year, the central government (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, MOLIT) calculates and discloses the announced prices and uses them for more than 60 administrative purposes such as welfare, taxation and real estate. In the third stage, the introduction of the announced price system for non-residential real estate was legislated in September 2016 in the form of non-mandatory provision. Since this is not a mandatory regulation, the exact enforcement time has not been determined. However, Chapter 4 (Articles 20~23) of the 「Price Announcement Act」 contains major contents and is expected to be implemented in the future.
On the other hand, in recent years, as the announced prices for houses and land have been realized, social interest in the announced prices is increasing. In particular, the 'Announced Price Realization Plan', announced by the government in November 2020, is a 'Announced Price Realization Policy' for housing and land, which is subject to price disclosure under the 「Price Announcement Act」. The taxable price gap depending on the type of assets held (housing vs. commercial building) is expected to widen for the time being, and interest in taxation equity between residential and non-residential real estate is expected to increase further.
Regarding the tax standard of non-residential real estate, the publicly announced land price, which has undergone inspection, evaluation and verification by a professional appraiser, is applied to the land. However, as the building part is calculated by applying the same new construction price to all buildings nationwide, there seems to be a fundamental limitation in reflecting the actual building value. And for non-residential aggregate real estate, land and buildings are traded as a whole in the market. However, as the tax standard is calculated by separating land and buildings, the actual price difference by floor and location may not be reflected. In addition, land is calculated using the assessed land price of individual lot but buildings are calculated by department. At this time, the standard market price of the building is calculated by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security (Local Tax Act), and the standard market value for the building is calculated by the National Tax Service (Income Tax Act). Therefore, there is a problem of double pricing because even the same building has different rates applied according to taxation purpose.
Moreover, unlike residential real estate, non-residential real estate has complex and diverse price-forming factors according to regional and individual characteristics, and valuation is relatively difficult. So the stable settlement of the system will be possible only when improvement measures are continuously devised.
By using the empirical analysis of aggregate non-residential real estate (commercial buildings, officetels) located in Sejong City, this research diagnoses the tax standard realization and equity of the standard market price and the standard market value. In addition, the purpose of this study is to calculate a fair tax standard and contribute to the successful implementation of non-residential real estate price disclosures to be implemented in the future and rational system improvement.
For this purpose, among the non-residential aggregate real estate(commercial buildings, officetels) located in Sejong City for the past three years (January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020), real estate reports for which actual transactions were reported were researched. And also by using the standard market value ratio to actual transaction price and the ratio of the standard market price to the actual transaction price, average realization rate, horizontal (COD) and vertical (PRD) equity index were analyzed. The level of realization of each tax standard was diagnosed through the average realization rate analysis, and the taxation equity of each tax standard was diagnosed through horizontal and vertical equity. At this time, in order to compare and analyze the floor gap and taxation equity, the analysis was conducted by dividing by floor (basement, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th floor and above).
The empirical analysis confirmed that 1) there is a difference between the standard market value of non-residential aggregate real estate and the actualization rate of the standard market price. 2) There is a difference in the COD of non-residential aggregate real estate between the standard market value and the standard market price, while the standard market value met the horizontal equity standard, and the COD of the standard market price realization rate did not meet the standard suggested by IAAO. 3) In addition, there is a difference in the PRD between the standard market value and the standard market price of non-residential aggregate real estate, there is a vertical inequality between the standard market value and the standard market price. The standard market price is found to be more severe, and the main summary is as follows.
First, when comparing the overall average realization rate for three years, the standard market value average realization rate is 75-78% (75% in 2019 → 77% in 2020 → 78% in '21), and the standard market price realization rate is 67-92% (67% in 2019 → 74% in 2020 → 92% in 2021), the gap between the standard market price and the standard market price was found to be about 8-17%.
Despite the gradual increase in the standard market price standardization rate, the realization rate on the first floor decreased from 29% → 24% → 18%. It was further found that the gap in the realization rate of each floor is worsening as 78% → 84% → 99% of the fourth floor and above.
In addition, the difference in actualization rate by floor between floors 1-4 and above also showed the result that the standard market value was calculated smaller than the standard market price. Looking at the data for 2021, the standard market value was 12% (71% on the first floor, 83% on the second floor) and the standard market price was analyzed as 81% (18% for the first floor, 99% for the third and fourth floors and above). In addition, when the actualization rate of the standard market value and the standard market price was subdivided by floor, it was confirmed that the difference in the actualization rate by floor was even greater. The standard market value was 70-83%, and the standard market price was 18-99%, indicating that the gap in realization rate by floor between the two was 16-65%.
The results of this analysis seem to be derived from the method of calculating and adding up the standard market price after classifying land (assessed land price of individual lot) and building (standard market price for buildings). As for the land value, the officially assessed individual land price is applied, reflecting the trend of the land market in the region, and the building value is calculated based on the same unit price throughout the nation. In addition, it is related to general price trends in that it is a structure that undergoes correction through structure, use, and location index.
Second, the COD of the standard market value realization rate is 7.95~11.93 on a total basis, and the COD of the standard market price realization rate is 16.36~33.07, showing a difference between the standard market value and the COD of the standard market price. In addition, when subdividing by floor, the COD of the standard market value realization rate was 4.06-17.58, and the COD of the standard market price realization rate was 9.91~65.68, showing a greater difference between the two.
The standard proposed by IAAO believes that horizontal equity exists when the COD is less than 20% for non-residential real estate. The COD of the standard market value realization rate is 7.95~11.93, which satisfies the horizontal equity standard suggested by IAAO, while the COD of the standard market price realization rate is 16.36~33.07, which does not meet the horizontal equity standard suggested by IAAO. Through this, it can be seen that there is a horizontal inequality.
When analyzing the distribution of realization rate by floor as of 2021, the standard market value is 71-83%, the standard market price is 18-99%, and in COD, the standard market value is 7.95, and the standard market price is 16.24. It can be seen that the taxable value of the standard market value is relatively uniformly calculated rather than the standard market price, and the level of horizontal imbalance of the standard market price is more severe than the standard market value. Since the standard market price is a method that calculates the land value and the building value separately and then adds them together, it is structurally impossible to reflect the utility of each floor and location, so it can be understood that COD appears high even within the same floor that forms a similar price.
Third, the increase in PRD means that the realization rate of high-priced real estate is relatively low, and that of low-priced real estate is relatively high. According to the ratio suggested by IAAO, if the PRD value is between 0.98 and 1.03, vertical equity is good, if the PRD value is less than 0.98, there is price progressive, and if the PRD value is more than 1.03, there is price reversal.
The average standard market value PRD for the last three years (2019-2021) was 1.019 to 1.042, and the PRD for the standard market price was 1.292 to 1.319, showing a difference between the standard market value and the standard market price. When there is a difference in PRD between the standard market value and the standard market price, the price is calculated by reflecting the utility of each floor along with the market trend. However, it is understood that the standard market price is structurally difficult to reflect market trends and price differences by floor.
Excluding the 2019 standard market value (PRD: 1.019), the 2020 and 2021 standard market values and the 2019-2021 standard market price PRDs were both above 1.03, which was analyzed to have a vertical (reversal) imbalance. As of 2021, where the PRD is the highest, the degree of unfairness in the standard market price (1.356) was relatively more serious than the standard market value (1.042).
The realization rate of the standard market value is around 75~78% on average when looking at data for three years by floor. However, the realization rate of the fourth floor, which is estimated to be relatively lower than that of the first floor, is 3-18% higher, so the overall PRD appears to be somewhat higher. On the other hand, the realization rate of the standard market price is 18~29% for the first floor, where the price is high, but 78~99% for the upper floor (based on the fourth floor), and the gap in the realization rate is quite large. For this reason, it can be understood that it greatly exceeds the vertical (reverse) unfairness criterion proposed by the IAAO.
Through the empirical analysis of this study, it was confirmed that in the case of non-residential aggregate real estate, the standard market value uniformly reflects the appropriate market value than the standard market price, and horizontal equity is maintained. In addition, it was confirmed that there is vertical inequality, but the degree of unfairness is better than the standard market price.
In addition to empirical analysis, this study was used to derive improvement measures by conducting in-depth interviews with experts with experience and knowledge of non-residential real estate, as well as comparison through case studies of major overseas countries.
In summary, it seems necessary to implement the announced price system for non-residential real estate in order to unify the diversified price calculation system for non-residential real estate, to realize the target, and to resolve the gap with the actual price to realize fair taxation. However, the impact of the introduction of the announced price system for non-residential real estate needs to be analyzed closely. In addition, it is necessary to review and prepare measures to supplement related systems such as property holding tax and health insurance premiums.
Therefore, for the announced price system for non-residential real estate, the central government (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, MOLIT) as well as related ministries needs to analyze the expected impact and review supplementary measures first. As many changes will be made in taxes and welfare, it is necessary to prepare "(tentative name) A roadmap for introducing non-residential real estate price disclosures" to increase the predictability of the people and prepare for the systematic and stable implementation.
In particular, the taxation was used since 1996, when the assessed land price was introduced in 1989 regarding the tax burden. Just as tax system was adjusted, such as a reduction in the rate of applying property tax (50%) and the introduction of an upper limit for tax burden (50%) when the officially announced housing price was introduced in 2005, it is necessary to review supplementary measures for tax burden through consultation with relevant ministries.
I hope that this study will help to minimize distortion of the tax base for non-residential real estate, improve the unbalanced price realization rate for non-residential real estate, calculate a fair tax base, and promote equity in various taxes and charges based on this.
(Keywords) public notice of non-residential real estate price, Non-residential real estate, announced price system for non-residential real estate, Announced price, Taxable value, Taxation equity, A aggregate building, Realization rate, Horizontal equity, Vertical equity, Local tax, Standard market price, standard market value,