The rapid aging trend in Korean society demands fundamental changes in later-life consumption environments, living structures, and overall social care systems. In particular, the sharp increase in single-person elderly households represents one of the...
The rapid aging trend in Korean society demands fundamental changes in later-life consumption environments, living structures, and overall social care systems. In particular, the sharp increase in single-person elderly households represents one of the most critical structural shifts facing Korea in the aging era. These individuals exhibit greater vulnerability in health, emotional, and daily support aspects compared to those in multi-person households living with spouses or children. The absence of family networks makes it difficult to distribute various risks and burdens that arise in later life within the household, potentially leading to stark disparities in quality of life based on the total resources elderly individuals can mobilize from markets and society. This indicates that later life in Korea is not merely a post-retirement phase but a period where structural risks overlap across health, economic, social relations, and emotional domains, necessitating multidimensional policy and academic discussions to enhance the quality of life for the elderly.
Against this backdrop, this study defines single-person elderly consumers as active agents who sustain life by mobilizing multidimensional capital and comprehensively examines the influence of their human, economic, social, and cultural capital on life satisfaction, along with heterogeneity by residential area. Reflecting the normalized digital transformation in consumption environments, digital literacy is incorporated as a key subdomain of human capital. Additionally, it verifies that even within the same single-person elderly group, the pathways through which capital translates into life satisfaction may differ depending on residential context (urban/rural).
The analysis utilizes the latest raw data from the "2023 National Survey of Older Koreans" conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. The sample consists of 3,423 single-person elderly individuals aged 65 and above with reliable responses. The collected data were analyzed using STATA 18.0 MP, including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and Chow tests to verify structural differences between groups.
The main findings are as follows.
First, the analysis of capital holdings among single-person elderly consumers revealed overall deficiencies and vulnerabilities across all capital domains. For human capital, digital literacy averaged only 3.42 out of 13 points, indicating a high risk of "digital exclusion" in rapidly changing consumption environments, with approximately 42.6% in the cognitive function decline risk group. In economic capital, the average annual household income was low at 19.23 million KRW, with significant asset disparities exacerbating intra-group inequality. Social capital showed active participation in informal groups (43%), but extremely low involvement in formal clubs (5%) or political/social organizations (1.43%), confirming weakness in bridging capital. Cultural capital also displayed a contraction in future intentions for hobbies and travel below the median, compared to past practical experiences (81.6%).
Second, the analysis of the relationship between human, economic, social, and cultural capital and life satisfaction among single-person elderly consumers showed that all four capitals had significant effects, but with a clear hierarchy in relative influence: human capital exerted the strongest explanatory power, followed by economic capital, social capital, and cultural capital. Specifically, in human capital, subjective health status and depression levels were the most powerful determinants, with cognitive function, number of chronic diseases, and digital literacy also showing significant impacts. In economic capital, asset amounts and homeownership were more important than annual household income, confirming that life satisfaction for single-person elderly is more heavily influenced by long-term accumulated assets and stable housing (stock) than short-term income flows (flow). In social capital, frequency of contact and exchange with children, relatives, and neighbors; the number of potential helpers; participation in informal groups; and emotional support emerged as factors enhancing life satisfaction. Although cultural capital had relatively smaller influence, willingness to participate in hobbies and engagement in leisure/cultural activities still significantly increased life satisfaction.
Third, the analysis of heterogeneity by residential area demonstrated structural differences in the mechanisms determining life satisfaction between urban and rural groups. In urban groups, homeownership and willingness to participate in hobbies were key factors, while in rural groups, emotional, physical, and economic support along with willingness for travel/tourism were critical, showing that the mechanisms sustaining life satisfaction are configured differently by residential area. Nevertheless, subjective health and depression levels acted as the most powerful common explanatory variables across all groups regardless of residential area, reaffirming the importance of human capital.
The conclusions and recommendations of this study are summarized as follows. First, strengthening human capital should be the top priority to enhance life satisfaction among single-person elderly, particularly through integrated programs combining depression prevention and digital literacy education. Second, economic support policies should parallel income enhancement with measures to secure housing stability; given the significant impact of homeownership on life satisfaction in urban areas, strengthening housing welfare for urban single-person elderly is essential. Third, region-tailored social and cultural policies are needed: expand organized social participation opportunities for urban elderly, strengthen informal support networks for rural elderly to provide practical assistance, and enhance mobility services to offer new experiences like travel.
In summary, this study conceptualizes life satisfaction among single-person elderly consumers as a combined outcome of multidimensional capital and empirically presents the hierarchy of capital influences. By incorporating digital literacy as a core human capital component, it concretely captures vulnerabilities of later-life consumers in the digital transition era and verifies heterogeneity in capital conversion pathways by urban/rural contexts. These results suggest that improving life satisfaction for single-person elderly consumers requires strengthening foundations in health, emotion, and function; supplementing digital competencies; and implementing customized capital expansion strategies based on regional contexts.