This study examines whether the descriptive representation of political minority groups in Korean local councils translates into substantive and symbolic representation. Political minorities—including women, persons with disabilities, youth, and imm...
This study examines whether the descriptive representation of political minority groups in Korean local councils translates into substantive and symbolic representation. Political minorities—including women, persons with disabilities, youth, and immigrants—constitute structurally disadvantaged groups within power hierarchies regardless of their demographic size. Their representation is therefore a critical component of democratic legitimacy and political responsiveness. Focusing on whether descriptive representation generates substantive policy responsiveness and subsequently shapes citizens’ political attitudes, this study offers a multidimensional analysis of the relationships among different forms of minority representation.
To this end, the study develops two analytical models. First, using a complete census of all members of metropolitan councils elected in the 7th and 8th Korean local elections, it examines whether descriptive representation translates into substantive representation by analyzing minority-related ordinances through logistic regression and OLS regression with clustered standard errors. Second, to assess whether descriptive representation extends to symbolic representation, the study combines aggregated contextual data with individual-level survey data and employs OLS regression with clustered standard errors. This research design enables a systematic assessment of how both the presence and the proportion of minority legislators affect legislative activity and citizens’ political attitudes toward the expansion of political minority representation.
The empirical findings are as follows. First, political minority legislators—women, persons with disabilities, youth, and immigrants—are more actively engaged in proposing ordinances related to their respective groups than non-minority legislators. This provides empirical evidence that the presence of individual minority legislators is associated with higher levels of substantive representation. However, because the proportion of minority legislators generally does not reach the critical threshold, the effects of proportion variables are largely insignificant, indicating that individual presence is a more decisive factor than numerical strength. Second, in the analysis of symbolic representation, descriptive representation is positively associated with citizens’ support for expanding women’s representation. In contrast, no direct association is observed between descriptive and symbolic representation for persons with disabilities and youth. These findings suggest that group visibility and size function as important conditions shaping symbolic representation effects.
In conclusion, this study empirically demonstrates the multidimensional structure of political minority representation in local councils, showing that descriptive representation can be conditionally associated with substantive and symbolic representation. In particular, the presence of individual minority legislators plays a critical role in enhancing substantive representation, while symbolic representation varies across groups depending on group-specific characteristics and political visibility. These findings offer important implications for institutional design and policy strategies aimed at expanding political minority representation.