Ginseng alleviates microbial infections of the respiratory tract: a review

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a globalpublic health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, wereviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials,especially against pathogens that cause respiratory infections in animal and in vitro models. Some of thepossible mechanisms for ginseng-mediated viral inhibition suggested are improvements in systemic andmucosa-specific antibody responses, serum hemagglutinin inhibition, lymphocyte proliferation, cellsurvival rate, and viral clearance in the lungs. In addition, ginseng reduces the expression levels ofproinflammatory cytokines (IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines produced by airwayepithelial cells and macrophages, thus preventing weight loss. In case of bacterial infections, ginseng actsby alleviating inflammatory cytokine production, increasing survival rates, and activating phagocytes andnatural killer cells. In addition, ginseng inhibits biofilm formation and induces the dispersion anddissolution of mature biofilms. Most clinical trials revealed that ginseng, at various dosages, is a safe andeffective method of seasonal prophylaxis, relieving the symptoms and reducing the risk and duration ofcolds and flu. Taken together, these findings support the efficacy of ginseng as a therapeutic and prophylacticagent for respiratory infections.

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