Novel Electric Vehicle Powertrain of Multi-Stack Fuel Cell Using Optimal Energy Management Strategy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) powertrain layouts and control strategies have historically overlooked the asymmetricenergy storage eff ect, despite its signifi cant impact on system effi ciency. In this study, we propose a novel FCEV powertrainlayout using dual fuel cells to uncover hidden fuel effi ciency improvement factors in comparison with the conventionalSingle Fuel Cell System (SFS). To address the issues of low effi ciency operation in SFS and the limitations of existingenergy management strategies that hinder high output performance, we present a minimum effi ciency-based power controlstrategy. Additionally, we implement a partial system operation strategy to optimize effi ciency according to the state of thepower sources. This combined approach results in substantial improvements in both hardware and software effi ciency, apossibility that was not previously achievable. Through this research, we demonstrate the potential for enhancing the fueleffi ciency of the multi-stack system, a concept that has not been implemented yet. Moreover, we propose a new directionfor the architectural design of FCEVs that overcomes the limitations of the SFS, thereby addressing potential malfunctions.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Anderson, C., "The eff ects of APU characteristics on the design of hybrid control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles" SAE 1995

2 Wang, Z., "Powertrain analysis and optimized power follower control strategy in a series hybrid electric vehicle" SAE 2022

3 Shams-Zahraei, M., "Power-cycle-librarybased control strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles" IEEE 6 : 1-6, 2020

4 Garcia, J., "Power sharing for effi ciency optimisation into a multi fuel cell system" IEEE 3 : 218-223, 2014

5 Hegazy, O., "Particle swarm optimization for optimal powertrain component sizing and design of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle" IEEE 9 : 601-609, 2010

6 Du, W., "Parameter optimization of rule-based control strategy for multi-mode hybrid electric vehicle" 234 : 2706-2716, 2020

7 Khan, B. S., "Optimization of the fuel consumption of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle" School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 2001

8 Marx, N., "On the sizing and energy management of an hybrid multistack fuel cell–Battery system for automotive applications" 42 : 1518-1526, 2017

9 Zhou, S., "Multistack fuel cell system stacks allocation optimization based on genetic algorithms" SAE 2022

10 Ehsani, M., "Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles: Fundamentals, theory, and design" CRC Press 2009

11 Zhou, S., "Model prediction and rule based energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with hybrid energy storage system" 36 : 5926-5940, 2020

12 Liu, X., "Investigation of the abnormal IV curve shape of hybrid direct carbon fuel cell using lanthanum strontium calcium titanate-based anode" 111 : 547-, 2023

13 Chow, K., "Improving vehicle rolling resistance and aerodynamics" Elsevier 2022

14 Wang, T., "Hydrogen consumption minimization method based on the online identifi cation for multi-stack PEMFCs system" 44 : 5074-5081, 2019

15 Johnson, V. H., "HEV control strategy for real-time optimization of fuel economy and emissions" SAE 2000

16 Larminie, J., "Fuel cell systems explained" Wiley 2003

17 Kim, Y., "Frequency domain power distribution strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles" 1 : 208-218, 2012

18 Paganelli, G., "Equivalent consumption minimization strategy for parallel hybrid powertrains" IEEE 2076-2081, 2002

19 Hochgraf, C. G., "Engine control strategy for a series hybrid electric vehicle incorporating load-leveling and computer controlled energy management" SAE 1996

20 Jia Hekun ; Tang Jiexu ; Yu Yingxiao ; Sun Yan ; Yin Bifeng ; Zhang Chao, "Energy management strategy of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle based on series fuzzy control" 22 : 1545-1556, 2021

21 Feroldi, D., "Energy management strategies for fuel cell-hybrid vehicles"

22 Ding, N., "Design of a hybrid energy management system using designed rule-based control strategy and genetic algorithm for the series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" 45 : 1627-1644, 2021

23 Salmasi, F. R., "Control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles : Evolution, classifi cation, comparison, and future trends" 56 : 2393-2404, 2007

24 Hegazy, O., "An evaluation study of current and future Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles powertrains" IEEE 1-8, 2013

25 Fernandez, A. M., "An adaptive state machine based energy management strategy for a multi-stack fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle" 69 : 220-234, 2019

26 Bhatia, S., "Advanced renewable energy systems, (Part 1 and 2)" CRC Press 2014

27 Chandran, M., "A review on electric and fuel cell vehicle anatomy, technology evolution and policy drivers towards EVs and FCEVs market propagation" 22 : e202100235-, 2022

28 Marx, N., "A review of multi-stack and modular fuel cell systems : interests, application areas and on-going research activities" 39 : 12101-12111, 2014

29 Palma, L., "A modular fuel cell, modular DC–DC converter concept for high performance and enhanced reliability" 24 : 1437-1443, 2009

30 Ha, M. P., "A hybrid genetic particle swarm optimization for distributed generation allocation in power distribution networks" 209 : 118218-, 2020

31 Shen, C., "A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicles" 2011 : 571683-, 2011

32 Bayindir, K. Ç., "A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle : powertrain confi gurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units" 52 : 1305-1313, 2011

33 Gao, J., "A comparative study of supervisory control strategies for a series hybrid electric vehicle" IEEE 1-7, 2009

34 Chandran, M., "A Study on the Energy Management Strategy of Dual Fuel Cell Mounted FCEV" Myongji University 2018