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    수중함용 GRP 복합재의 기계적 성능 향상을 위한 미세기공 평가 및 제조공정 최적화에 관한 연구

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17545655

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    This study aims to improve the manufacturing reliability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRP) composite structures for submarine applications by quantitatively evaluating micro-voids generated during manufacturing and by relating the evaluation results to mechanical performance and process conditions. Micro-voids, resin impregnation defects, and interfacial discontinuities formed during liquid composite molding (LCM) can reduce the mechanical performance and long-term reliability of submarine composite structures. Therefore, reliable micro-void evaluation and process-based defect control are essential for improving the manufacturing quality of GRP composite structures. GRP composite specimens were fabricated under different processing conditions. Internal micro-voids were evaluated using Ultrasonic C-scan testing, optical microscopy-based Image Analysis, and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT). Ultrasonic attenuation was used as a wide-area non-destructive indicator of internal defects, whereas Image Analysis and Micro-CT were used to examine local two-dimensional void morphology, cross-sectional void content, and three-dimensional void distribution. The results confirmed that each evaluation method provides complementary information depending on its measurement principle, analysis range, and representativeness. The relationship between micro-void evaluation results and mechanical performance was analyzed using tensile and flexural tests. Higher internal defect levels were generally associated with lower mechanical strength. In particular, Ultrasonic C-scan-based attenuation showed a relatively strong negative correlation with tensile strength, with a correlation coefficient of approximately -0.703. This indicates that ultrasonic attenuation can be used as a representative non-destructive quality indicator related to the mechanical reliability of GRP composite structures. Process optimization was performed using ultrasonic attenuation as the response variable. Factorial Design analysis showed that defoamer concentration and mixing time significantly affected ultrasonic attenuation, whereas mixing speed and interaction terms were not significant within the investigated range. Based on the first-order regression model, the Steepest Ascent Method was applied in the attenuation-reduction direction to identify a promising process region near 0.045 wt% defoamer concentration and 222 min mixing time. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) was then applied around this region. The model-based predicted optimum condition was determined to be approximately 0.049 wt% defoamer concentration and 232 min mixing time, with a predicted ultrasonic attenuation of approximately 21.0%. The predicted condition should not be interpreted as a final verified processing condition unless an additional confirmation experiment is performed. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that Ultrasonic C-scan-based attenuation can serve as a practical non-destructive quality indicator and that defoamer concentration and mixing time are key process variables for reducing micro-void-related attenuation in submarine GRP composite structures. This study provides an integrated framework linking micro-void evaluation, mechanical performance correlation, and DOE-based process optimization for improving the manufacturing reliability of submarine composite structures.
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    This study aims to improve the manufacturing reliability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRP) composite structures for submarine applications by quantitatively evaluating micro-voids generated during manufacturing and by relating the evaluation...

    This study aims to improve the manufacturing reliability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRP) composite structures for submarine applications by quantitatively evaluating micro-voids generated during manufacturing and by relating the evaluation results to mechanical performance and process conditions. Micro-voids, resin impregnation defects, and interfacial discontinuities formed during liquid composite molding (LCM) can reduce the mechanical performance and long-term reliability of submarine composite structures. Therefore, reliable micro-void evaluation and process-based defect control are essential for improving the manufacturing quality of GRP composite structures. GRP composite specimens were fabricated under different processing conditions. Internal micro-voids were evaluated using Ultrasonic C-scan testing, optical microscopy-based Image Analysis, and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT). Ultrasonic attenuation was used as a wide-area non-destructive indicator of internal defects, whereas Image Analysis and Micro-CT were used to examine local two-dimensional void morphology, cross-sectional void content, and three-dimensional void distribution. The results confirmed that each evaluation method provides complementary information depending on its measurement principle, analysis range, and representativeness. The relationship between micro-void evaluation results and mechanical performance was analyzed using tensile and flexural tests. Higher internal defect levels were generally associated with lower mechanical strength. In particular, Ultrasonic C-scan-based attenuation showed a relatively strong negative correlation with tensile strength, with a correlation coefficient of approximately -0.703. This indicates that ultrasonic attenuation can be used as a representative non-destructive quality indicator related to the mechanical reliability of GRP composite structures. Process optimization was performed using ultrasonic attenuation as the response variable. Factorial Design analysis showed that defoamer concentration and mixing time significantly affected ultrasonic attenuation, whereas mixing speed and interaction terms were not significant within the investigated range. Based on the first-order regression model, the Steepest Ascent Method was applied in the attenuation-reduction direction to identify a promising process region near 0.045 wt% defoamer concentration and 222 min mixing time. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) was then applied around this region. The model-based predicted optimum condition was determined to be approximately 0.049 wt% defoamer concentration and 232 min mixing time, with a predicted ultrasonic attenuation of approximately 21.0%. The predicted condition should not be interpreted as a final verified processing condition unless an additional confirmation experiment is performed. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that Ultrasonic C-scan-based attenuation can serve as a practical non-destructive quality indicator and that defoamer concentration and mixing time are key process variables for reducing micro-void-related attenuation in submarine GRP composite structures. This study provides an integrated framework linking micro-void evaluation, mechanical performance correlation, and DOE-based process optimization for improving the manufacturing reliability of submarine composite structures.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • Ⅰ. 서론 1
    • 1.1. 연구배경 및 필요성 1
    • 1.2. 국내·외 연구동향 5
    • 1.3. 연구목적 및 연구내용 11
    • 1.3.1. 연구목적 11
    • Ⅰ. 서론 1
    • 1.1. 연구배경 및 필요성 1
    • 1.2. 국내·외 연구동향 5
    • 1.3. 연구목적 및 연구내용 11
    • 1.3.1. 연구목적 11
    • 1.3.2. 연구대상 및 범위 12
    • 1.3.3. 연구내용 13
    • Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 15
    • 2.1. 수중함용 복합소재 구조의 특성 및 요구성능 15
    • 2.1.1. 수중함용 복합소재 구조의 적용 범위 15
    • 2.1.2. 수중함용 복합소재의 요구성능 16
    • 2.1.3. 제조결함 관리의 중요성 18
    • 2.2. 섬유강화 복합재의 구조와 물성 19
    • 2.2.1. 섬유, 기지재 및 계면 구조 19
    • 2.2.2. 이방성, 적층구조 및 물성 영향인자 20
    • 2.2.3. 내부 결함과 손상 거동의 관계 21
    • 2.3. Liquid Composite Molding 공정과 micro-void 형성 22
    • 2.3.1. LCM 공정의 개요 및 주요 공정변수 22
    • 2.3.2. 수지 유동, 함침 및 프리폼 투과성 23
    • 2.3.3. Micro-void 형성 메커니즘 24
    • 2.4. Micro-void와 기계적 특성의 관계 26
    • 2.4.1. 응력집중, 계면박리 및 균열진전 26
    • 2.4.2. 인장 및 굴곡 특성 저하 27
    • 2.4.3. Void content와 기계적 성능의 상관성 28
    • 2.5. Micro-void 정량평가 기법 29
    • 2.5.1. Ultrasonic C-scan 및 ultrasonic attenuation 29
    • 2.5.2. 광학현미경 기반 Image Analysis 36
    • 2.5.3. Micro-CT 분석 43
    • 2.5.4. 평가기법별 대표성 비교 49
    • 2.6. DOE 기반 공정최적화 이론 50
    • 2.6.1. Factorial Design 50
    • 2.6.2. Steepest Ascent Method 58
    • 2.6.3. Response Surface Methodology 및 Central Composite Design 65
    • 2.7. 소결 75
    • Ⅲ. 재료 및 실험방법 77
    • 3.1. 연구절차 77
    • 3.2. 사용 재료 및 성형 조건 81
    • 3.2.1. 사용 재료 81
    • 3.2.2. 성형장치 및 기본 성형 조건 82
    • 3.2.3. 공정최적화를 위한 공정변수 설정 83
    • 3.3. 시험편 제작 및 가공 84
    • 3.3.1. 복합재 판재 제작 절차 84
    • 3.3.2. 미세기공 평가용 시편 준비 86
    • 3.4. 미세기공 정량평가 방법 87
    • 3.4.1. Ultrasonic C-scan 기반 ultrasonic attenuation 측정 87
    • 3.4.2. Image Analysis 기반 void content 측정 90
    • 3.4.3. Micro-CT 기반 volumetric void content 분석 93
    • 3.5. 기계적 특성 평가 방법 96
    • 3.5.1. 인장 및 굴곡시험편 가공 95
    • 3.5.2. 인장시험 99
    • 3.5.3. 굴곡시험 100
    • 3.6. 공정최적화 실험설계 및 데이터 분석 102
    • 3.6.1. 공정최적화 변수 및 반응값 설정 102
    • 3.6.2. Factorial Design 기반 유의 공정인자 분석 103
    • 3.6.3. Steepest Ascent Method 기반 최적 예상영역 탐색 108
    • 3.6.4. RSM/CCD 기반 model-based predicted optimum condition 도출 111
    • 3.7. 소결 114
    • Ⅳ. 미세기공 평가기법 비교 분석 116
    • 4.1. 초음파 C-scan 기반 감쇠율 평가 결과 116
    • 4.1.1. 공정조건별 초음파 감쇠율 분석 116
    • 4.1.2. C-scan 이미지 분석 119
    • 4.2. 광학현미경 기반 기공률 평가 결과 123
    • 4.2.1. 단면 기공 형상 및 분석 123
    • 4.2.2. 공정조건별 단면 기공률 126
    • 4.3. Micro-CT 기반 3차원 기공 분석 결과 129
    • 4.3.1. 3차원 기공 형상 및 분포 129
    • 4.3.2. 공정조건별 체적 기공률 133
    • 4.4. 평가기법별 미세기공 결과 비교 134
    • 4.5. 평가영역 및 대표성 검토 138
    • 4.5.1. 분석 범위에 따른 결과 차이 138
    • 4.5.2. 수중함용 복합재 품질평가 관점의 적용성 140
    • 4.6. 소결 142
    • Ⅴ. 미세기공과 기계적 특성 간 상관성 분석 143
    • 5.1. 기계적 특성 평가 결과 143
    • 5.1.1. 인장강도 평가 결과 144
    • 5.1.2. 굴곡강도 평가 결과 145
    • 5.2. 미세기공 평가값과 인장강도의 상관성 147
    • 5.2.1. 초음파 감쇠율과 인장강도 148
    • 5.2.2. 광학현미경 및 Micro-CT 기공률과 인장강도 150
    • 5.2.3. 인장특성 관점의 평가기법 비교 153
    • 5.3. 미세기공 평가값과 굴곡강도의 상관성 154
    • 5.3.1. 초음파 감쇠율과 굴곡강도 155
    • 5.3.2. 광학현미경 및 Micro-CT 기공률과 굴곡강도 157
    • 5.3.3. 굴곡특성 관점의 평가기법 비교 160
    • 5.4. 대표 미세기공 평가지표 도출 161
    • 5.5. 소결 164
    • Ⅵ. 미세기공 저감을 위한 공정최적화 165
    • 6.1. 공정최적화 분석 개요 165
    • 6.1.1. 공정최적화의 목적 166
    • 6.1.2. 공정변수 및 반응값 설정 167
    • 6.1.3. 공정최적화 절차 167
    • 6.1.4. Factorial Design–Steepest Ascent Method–RSM/CCD 적용 순서의 타당성 170
    • 6.2. Factorial Design 기반 주요 공정변수 선별 및 1차 모형 설정 172
    • 6.2.1. Factorial Design 실험설계 172
    • 6.2.2. Pareto Chart 기반 유의인자 선별 175
    • 6.2.3. Residual Analysis를 통한 모형 적합성 검토 177
    • 6.2.4. ANOVA 기반 유의인자 검증 180
    • 6.2.5. 초음파 감쇠율 예측을 위한 1차 회귀방정식 182
    • 6.2.6. Main Effects Plot 기반 감쇠율 저감 방향 분석 183
    • 6.2.7. Factorial Design 결과 종합 및 후속 최적화 방향 186
    • 6.3. Steepest Ascent Method 기반 최적 예상영역 탐색 188
    • 6.3.1. Steepest Ascent Method 적용 필요성 및 탐색 방향 188
    • 6.3.2. 1차 회귀계수 기반 이동 방향 및 단계 조건 설정 191
    • 6.3.3. 단계별 공정조건 변화와 초음파 감쇠율 응답 194
    • 6.3.4. 유망 공정영역 판단 및 RSM/CCD 중심조건 선정 197
    • 6.3.5. 반복 Steepest 기반 국부 최적영역 접근 검토 199
    • 6.4. RSM/CCD 기반 초음파 감쇠율 예측 최적조건 도출 203
    • 6.4.1. RSM/CCD 적용 목적 및 중심영역 설정 203
    • 6.4.2. Central Composite Design 기반 실험조건 및 초음파 감쇠율 결과 205
    • 6.4.3. Response Surface Plot 기반 감쇠율 변화 특성 분석 ·· 208
    • 6.4.4. 반응 최적화 도구를 이용한 예측 최적조건 도출 211
    • 6.5. 소결 215
    • Ⅶ. 결론 219
    • 7.1. 연구의 종합 219
    • 7.2. 주요 연구결과 221
    • 7.3. 연구의 학술적·기술적 의의 224
    • 7.4. 수중함용 복합소재 제조 품질관리 적용성 227
    • 7.5. 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향 229
    • 참고문헌 232
    • 감사의 글 240
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