This study explored the process of change experienced by clients who suffered the loss of direct ascendants (parents or grandparents) during their college years. By examining this process, the research aimed to gain a deep understanding of the recover...
This study explored the process of change experienced by clients who suffered the loss of direct ascendants (parents or grandparents) during their college years. By examining this process, the research aimed to gain a deep understanding of the recovery journey of mourners who lose a primary caregiver during emerging adulthood and to establish a foundation for therapeutic interventions. Adopting a constructivist grounded theory approach(Charmaz, 2006), the study conducted in-depth interviews with 14 participants who had experienced the bereavement of a parent or grandparent and addressed this experience in counseling while enrolled in university. The collected data were analyzed through initial, focused, and theoretical coding processes.
The analysis revealed that the process of change in counseling for these students could be conceptualized into three stages: the ‘Pre-help Phase,’ the ‘Re-narrativization of Bereavement Phase,’ and the ‘Acquisition of Life Agency Phase.’ The Pre-help Phase highlighted the developmental and socio-cultural contexts that influence mourning and lead to delays in seeking professional help. Specifically, opportunities for emotional processing were suppressed by the burdens of practical tasks, such as funeral rituals, administrative procedures, and academic or career concerns. Help-seeking was further delayed by internal dilemmas, including feelings of guilt toward the deceased for attempting to ‘get better’ and uncertainty regarding the efficacy of counseling for an irreversible event. However, as participants found it difficult to share their grief within close relationships and realized the limitations of comfort from peers, they gradually recognized the need for professional assistance. Critically, significant difficulties in academics, career path, or interpersonal relationships served as the primary catalyst for seeking counseling.
During the Re-narrativization of Bereavement Phase, the focus shifted to the narratives of the deceased. In this stage, clients experienced a cyclical process of self-disclosure, emotional catharsis, and validation—elements they had not anticipated before counseling—alongside a multi-dimensional perspectival shift regarding their previously "frozen" cognitions of the loss. This process allowed mourning emotions to gradually dissolve and empowered clients to face the future. Subsequently, counseling transitioned into the Acquisition of Life Agency Phase, where the focus moved from expressing emotions related to the deceased to exploring the client’s own story as revealed through the loss. Clients began to recognize their own frustrated needs and unique internal tasks, leading to a proactive life characterized by autonomous choices and responsibility. This journey was moderated by client factors—such as the level of attachment to the deceased, the degree of struggle prior to counseling, active participation, and support from significant others—and counselor factors, specifically interventions that shifted focus from emotion regulation to cognitive restructuring and behavioral reinforcement as the counseling progressed.
The findings of this study underscore that the overlap of developmental tasks in early adulthood and the tasks of mourning creates a unique context for college students. The results suggest that differentiated counseling interventions based on the time elapsed since the loss are highly effective. Furthermore, for college-aged mourners, grief counseling functions not merely as a relief from sadness but as a forum for maturity where they regain autonomy and agency, ultimately acquiring an identity as a "self-parent." This study holds academic significance by theoretically presenting the therapeutic change process from the client's perspective. Moreover, by providing practical guidelines and a basis for counselor education regarding students in the transition to adulthood, it is expected to contribute to the development of tailored grief counseling models for specific developmental stages.