Detection of drug misuse : biomarkers, analytical advances and interpretation|RISS 상세보기

목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
Section Ⅰ : Analytical Advances in Drug Detection
1 Urinalysis : The Detection of Common Drugs in Urine / Michael David Osselton = 3
1.1 Introduction and Historical Background = 3
1.2 Urinary Drug Excretion = 4

CONTENTS
Section Ⅰ : Analytical Advances in Drug Detection
1 Urinalysis : The Detection of Common Drugs in Urine / Michael David Osselton = 3
1.1 Introduction and Historical Background = 3
1.2 Urinary Drug Excretion = 4
1.3 Urine Collection and Storage = 6
1.4 Interpretation of Analytical Results = 8
1.5 Approaches to Screening = 9
1.6 Confirmatory Analysis = 14
References = 20
2 Point-of-Care／Collection Testing : Application to Drugs of Misuse Testing / Claire George ; Alan Pang = 23
2.1 Introduction = 23
2.2 Principle of POCT Drug Tests = 24
2.3 Parameters of Test Performance = 27
2.3.1 Analytical Specificity = 27
2.3.2 Cross-Reactivity = 27
2.3.3 Analytical Sensitivity = 27
2.4 Selection of a Drug Testing Device = 32
2.5 Interpretation of POCT Results = 35
2.5.1 True-Positive Results = 38
2.5.2 True-Negative Results = 38
2.5.3 False-Positive Results = 38
2.5.4 False-Negative Results = 39
2.6 Quality and Accreditation = 39
2.7 Innovation in POCT for Drugs of Misuse = 40
References = 41
3 Analytical Advances in Drug Detection : Human Sports Drug Testing / D.A. Cowan = 46
3.1 Introduction = 46
3.2 Sample Collection = 49
3.3 Sample Screening Methods = 50
3.3.1 Foreign Substances = 50
3.3.2 Pseudo-Endogenous Substances = 52
3.3.3 The ABP for Blood Samples = 54
3.3.4 The Use of Biomarkers to Evidence Drug Misuse = 55
3.3.5 Detection of Gene Doping = 56
3.4 Conclusion = 56
References = 57
4 Analytical Overview of Drug Detection : Civil Aviation / Nigel P. Dowdall = 62
4.1 Introduction = 62
4.1.1 Aircraft Accidents : Drug and Alcohol Misuse = 63
4.2 Regulations and Guidance = 67
4.2.1 ICAO = 68
4.2.2 USA = 69
4.2.3 Europe = 69
4.2.4 UK = 70
4.2.5 Other Countries = 71
4.3 Identifying Drug and Alcohol Misuse in Aviation = 71
4.3.1 Prevalence = 72
4.3.2 Drug and Alcohol Testing = 74
4.3.3 Questionnaire Screening = 75
4.3.4 Reporting by Enforcement Agencies, Health Professionals and 'Whistle-Blowers' = 76
4.3.5 Reporting by Peers and Employers = 77
4.4 Conclusion = 78
References = 79
5 Detection of Misused Drugs : Natural and Synthetic Cathinones / Anders Helander = 83
5.1 Cathinone = 83
5.1.1 Origin and Use = 83
5.1.2 Clinical Effects = 84
5.2 Synthetic Substituted Cathinones = 84
5.2.1 Origin and Use of Substituted Cathinones = 84
5.2.2 Structures of Substituted Cathinones = 86
5.2.3 Clinical Effects = 86
5.3 Analysis of Synthetic Substituted Cathinones = 91
5.3.1 Analytical Problems Related to NPSs = 91
5.3.2 Immunoassay Screening = 91
5.3.3 MS Analysis = 92
5.3.4 Analysis of Parent Compounds or Metabolites = 93
5.4 Conclusion = 94
References = 95
6 Detection of Misused Drugs : Psychoactive Piperazines / L.J. Schep ; H.A. Poulsen ; P. Gee = 100
6.1 Introduction = 100
6.2 Pharmacology and Toxicology = 101
6.3 Methods of Detection of Piperazines in Biological Samples = 105
6.3.1 Immunoassays = 105
6.3.2 Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry = 107
6.4 Identification of Psychoactive Piperazines in Powder and Tablet Formulations = 114
6.5 Psychoactive Piperazines in Biological Samples = 116
6.6 Conclusion = 120
References = 120
Section Ⅱ : Innovation in Sample Collection & Assay Methodology
7 Dried Blood Spots for Testing Drugs of Misuse / R. Quraishi ; R. Jain ; A. Ambekar = 127
7.1 Introduction = 127
7.2 DBS Sampling : Technique and Relevant Factors = 128
7.2.1 DBS Sampling Paper = 128
7.2.2 Preparation of DBSs = 129
7.2.3 Drying of DBS Samples = 129
7.2.4 Storage and Transportation of DBS Samples = 130
7.3 DBSs to Test DOAs = 130
7.3.1 Preparation of Calibrators, Quality Controls and Blanks for DBS Assays = 130
7.3.2 Haematocrit and Blood Spot Volume = 133
7.3.3 Extraction and Derivatisation of Drugs from DBSs = 133
7.3.4 Assay Technique = 138
7.3.5 Assay Validation : Precision, Accuracy and Sensitivity = 139
7.3.6 Matrix Effect and Recovery = 139
7.3.7 Clinical Validation and Stability = 142
7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using DBSs to Test DOAs = 142
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective = 142
Acknowledgements = 143
References = 143
8 Drug Testing in Exhaled Breath / Markus R. Meyer ; Olof Beck = 147
8.1 Historical Background of Breath Drug Testing = 147
8.2 Non-Volatiles in Exhaled Breath = 148
8.3 Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) = 149
8.4 Aerosol Particles in Exhaled Breath = 149
8.5 Sampling Procedures = 150
8.6 Analytical Methods and Detected Substances = 152
8.7 Studies on Methadone and Clinical Trials = 158
8.8 Possible Applications of Drug Testing in Exhaled Breath = 160
8.9 Portable Detectors = 161
8.10 Practical Aspects = 161
References = 162
9 DNA／RNA Aptamers for Illicit Drug Molecules / M.C. Parkin ; N. Frascione = 167
9.1 Introduction = 167
9.1.1 Molecular Recognition and Binding for Drug Misuse Detection = 167
9.1.2 Current Molecular Recognition for Drug Misuse Detection : Antibodies = 168
9.1.3 Future Molecular Recognition for Drug Misuse Detection : Aptamers = 171
9.2 Aptamer Selection = 172
9.2.1 SELEX and Its Variations = 172
9.2.2 Cloning and Sequencing = 175
9.2.3 KD Calculations = 176
9.3 Current Applications of Aptamers for Drug Misuse Detection = 178
9.3.1 Large-Molecule Targets = 178
9.3.2 Small-Molecule Targets = 179
9.3.3 Complexities of Aptamer Selection for Small-Molecule Targets = 179
9.4 Aptamer-Based Detection Systems = 182
9.4.1 Aptamer-Based Sensing = 182
9.4.2 Portable Detection Systems = 185
9.5 Conclusion = 185
References = 186
10 Latent Fingerprints for Drug Screening / Susan van der Heide ; David A. Russell = 190
10.1 Latent Fingerprints = 190
10.1.1 Fingerprints for Drug Detection = 192
10.2 Immunological and Aptamer-Based Methods for Detecting Drugs in Fingerprints = 196
10.2.1 Immunoassays = 196
10.2.2 Antibody-Functionalised Gold Nanoparticles = 196
10.2.3 Antibody-Functionalised Magnetic Particles = 197
10.2.4 Nanoplasmonic Imaging of Gold Nanoparticles = 198
10.2.5 Aptamer-Functionalised Upconverting Nanoparticles = 199
10.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy for Detecting Drugs in Fingerprints = 200
10.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy = 200
10.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy = 201
10.4 MS for the Detection of Drugs in Fingerprints = 201
10.4.1 Chromatography with MS Detection = 202
10.4.2 Imaging of Fingerprints with Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption／Ionisation MS = 203
10.4.3 Imaging of Fingerprints with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion MS = 205
10.4.4 Direct Analyte-Probed Nanoextraction Coupled with Nanospray Ionisation MS = 206
10.4.5 Imaging of Fingerprints with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation MS = 207
10.4.6 Imaging of Fingerprints with Desorption Electrospray Ionisation = 207
10.5 Summary and Outlook = 208
Acknowledgements = 209
References = 209
11 Microneedle Patches for Caffeine Detection and Quantification / Ester Caffarel-Salvador ; Aaron John Brady ; Ryan F. Donnelly = 212
11.1 Sources of Caffeine = 212
11.2 Caffeine Pharmacokinetics = 213
11.3 Pharmacological Effects of Caffeine = 215
11.4 Misuse of Caffeine = 217
11.5 Treatment = 219
11.6 Monitoring Caffeine = 220
11.7 Conclusion = 224
References = 225
12 Detection of a Single Drug Exposure in Hair / Pascal Kintz = 228
12.1 Introduction = 228
12.2 Review Method = 230
12.3 Controlled Dose Studies = 230
12.4 Models for Drug Incorporation into Hair = 232
12.4.1 Physiochemical Properties of Drugs = 233
12.4.2 The Specific Problem of Segmental Hair Analysis = 234
12.4.3 Conflicting Results After Single Exposures to Zolpidem and Relevance in the Courts = 235
12.5 Conclusion = 236
References = 236
Section Ⅲ : Interpretation and Reporting Results
13 Ethanol Analysis in Blood, Breath and Urine : Interpreting the Results / Alan Wayne Jones = 243
13.1 Introduction = 243
13.2 Amounts of Alcohol Consumed = 245
13.3 Alcohol and Traffic Safety = 245
13.4 Statutory Alcohol Limits for Driving = 246
13.5 Concentration Units = 248
13.6 Sampling of Blood, Breath and Urine = 249
13.6.1 Blood Samples = 250
13.6.2 Proficiency Testing = 251
13.6.3 Urine Samples = 253
13.6.4 Urine : Blood Concentration Ratios = 255
13.6.5 Breath Samples = 257
13.6.6 Blood : Breath Concentration Ratios = 257
13.7 Alcohol in the Body = 262
13.7.1 Absorption = 264
13.7.2 Distribution = 268
13.7.3 Metabolism = 269
13.7.4 Excretion = 271
13.8 Applications of the Widmark Equation = 272
13.9 Effects of Ethanol on the Brain = 275
13.10 Relationship Between BAC and Signs of Intoxication = 275
13.11 Concluding Remarks = 278
13.12 Future Considerations = 281
References = 282
14 'Ecstasy' Tablets : Batch Matching for Forensic Drug Intelligence Purposes in Malta / Mario Mifsud ; Sue Jickells ; Janet Mifsud ; Kim Wolff = 288
14.1 Introduction = 288
14.1.1 Characterisation of Ecstasy Tablets = 290
14.2 Drug Seizures = 294
14.3 Visual Characteristics of MDMA／'Ecstasy' Tablets Seized in Malta = 294
14.3.1 Measurable Features : Mass, Diameter and Thickness = 294
14.3.2 Comparable Characteristics and Trends in Tablet Mass, Diameter and Thickness = 296
14.3.3 Physical Characteristics : Hardness, Friability and Disintegration Rate = 299
14.3.4 Novel Approaches when Assessing the Measurable Characteristics (Mass, Diameter, Thickness, Hardness, Friability and Disintegration Rate) of 'Ecstasy' Tablets = 300
14.4 Conclusions = 302
References = 303
15 The Usefulness of Metabolites in the Interpretation of Drug Test Results / Michael Scott-Ham = 305
15.1 Introduction = 305
15.2 Pre-Analytical Considerations = 306
15.3 Choice of Biological Matrix = 306
15.4 Detection = 310
15.5 Drugs／Drug Groups = 311
15.5.1 Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine = 312
15.5.2 Cannabis = 312
15.5.3 Cocaine = 313
15.5.4 Opiates／Opioids = 314
15.5.5 Ketamine = 317
15.5.6 Benzodiazepines = 318
15.5.7 Medicinal Drugs = 320
15.5.8 New Psychoactive Substances = 321
References = 323
16 The Usefulness of Metabolic Ratios in the Interpretation of Steroid Misuse / A.D. Brailsford = 325
16.1 Introduction to Testosterone = 325
16.2 Testosterone Misuse = 326
16.2.1 Steroid Misuse in Society = 326
16.2.2 Historical Aspects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs = 326
16.2.3 Testosterone Misuse in Sports = 327
16.3 The Testosterone／Epitestosterone (T／E) Ratio = 329
16.3.1 Genetic Factors Influencing the Testosterone／ Epitestosterone (T／E) Ratio = 331
16.4 Longitudinal Athlete (Individual) Profiling = 332
16.4.1 The Athlete Biological Passport = 332
16.4.2 The ABP Steroid Module = 333
16.4.3 Confounding Factors of Steroid Ratios = 334
16.5 Glycoprotein Hormones = 335
16.5.1 Luteinising Hormone = 336
16.5.2 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin = 337
16.5.3 Confounding Factors = 337
16.6 Analytical Techniques = 337
16.6.1 Isotope Ratios = 337
16.6.2 GC-C-IRMS Instrumentation = 338
16.6.3 6 Values = 338
16.6.4 IRMS and Steroids = 339
16.7 Looking Forward = 340
References = 340
17 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Drugs of Misuse / Jacinta L. Johnson ; Michaela E. Johnson ; Femke Buisman-Pylman = 346
17.1 Introduction to the Neurohypophyseal Hormones = 346
17.1.1 Synthesis of the Neurohypophyseal Hormones = 347
17.1.2 Neurohypophyseal Hormone Receptors = 348
17.1.3 Physiological Roles and Regulation of the Neurohypophyseal Hormones = 348
17.2 Laboratory Tests for Detecting Oxytocin = 350
17.2.1 Detection of Oxytocin via Radioimmunoassay = 351
17.2.2 Detection of Oxytocin via Enzyme Immunoassay = 352
17.2.3 Detection of Oxytocin via Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) = 353
17.3 Laboratory Tests for Detecting Vasopressin = 353
17.3.1 Indirect Methods of Measuring Vasopressin = 354
17.3.2 Direct Methods of Measuring Vasopressin = 354
17.4 The Relationship Between Peripheral and Central Concentrations of Oxytocin and Vasopressin = 355
17.5 The Relationship Between the Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Drugs of Misuse = 356
17.5.1 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Opioid Addiction = 356
17.5.2 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Cocaine Misuse = 358
17.5.3 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Use of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants = 359
17.5.4 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Use of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine = 361
17.5.5 Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Alcohol Misuse = 361
17.5.6 Oxytocin and Susceptibility to Addiction = 363
17.6 Conclusion = 364
References = 364
Subject Index = 379

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