Microelectronics : digital and analog circuits and systems

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiv
• Prologue : A Brief History of Electronics = xix
• Part 1 Semiconductor Device Characteristics
• 1. Semiconductors = 1
• 1-1 Charged Particles = 1
• 1-2 Field Intensity, Potential, Energy = 2
• 1-3 The eV Unit of Energy = 4
• 1-4 Mobility and Conductivity = 5
• 1-5 Electrons and Holes in an Intrinsic Semiconductor = 9
• 1-6 Donor and Acceptor Impurities = 12
• 1-7 Charge Densities in a Seniiwnductor = 14
• 1-8 Electrical Properties of Ge and Si = 15
• 1-9 The Hall Effect = 17
• 1-10 Thermistors and Sensiton = 17
• 1-11 Diffusion = 19
• 1-12 The Potential Variation within a Graded Semiconductor = 21
• 1-13 Recapitulation = 23
• References = 24
• Review Questions = 24
• 2. Junction-Diode Characteristics = 26
• 2-1 The Open-Circuited p-n Junction = 26
• 2-2 Thep-n Junction is a Rectifier = 29
• 2-3 The Volt-Ampere Characteristic = 32
• 2-4 The Temperature Dependence of the V ／ 1 Characteristic = 35
• 2-5 Diode Resistance = 36
• 2-6 Space-Charge, or Transition, Capacitance Cr = 37
• 2-7 Minority-Carrier Storage in a Diode = 41
• 2-8 Diffusion Capacitance = 44
• 2-9 Breakdown Diodes = 45
• 2-10 The Diode as a Circuit Element = 48
• 2-11 The Load-Line Concept = 49
• 2-12 The Piecewise Linear Diode Model = 50
• 2-13 Junction-Diode Switching Times = 52
• References = 54
• Review Questions = 55
• 3. Bipolar Transistor Characteristics = 57
• 3-1 The Junction Transistor = 57
• 3-2 Transistor CurTent Components = 60
• 3-3 The Transistor as an Amplifier = 62
• 3-4 Transistor Construction = 63
• 3-5 The Common-Base(CB) Configuration = 65
• 3-6 The Common-Emitter(CE) Configuration = 68
• 3-7 The CE Cutoff Currents = 73
• 3-8 The CE Saturation Region = 74
• 3-9 Typical Transistor-Junction Voltage Values = 77
• 3-10 Common-Emitter Current Gain = 80
• 3-11 Inverted Mode of Operation = 81
• 3-12 Transistor Ratings = 82
• 3-13 Additional Transistor Characteristics = 85
• 3-14 Transistor Switching Times = 85
• References = 88
• Review Questions = 88
• 4. Integrated Circuits : Fabrication and Characteristics = 91
• 4-1 Integrated-Circuit(Microelectronic) Technology = 91
• 4-2 Basic Monolithic Integrated Circuits = 93
• 4-3 Epitaxial Growth = 98
• 4-4 Masking and Etching = 98
• 4-5 Diffusion of Impurities = 100
• 4-6 Transistors for Monolithic Circuits = 101
• 4-7 Monolithic Diodes = 105
• 4-8 The Metal-Scmiconductor Contact = 107
• 4-9 Integrated Resistors = 109
• 4-10 Integrated Capacitors = 113
• 4-11 Characteristics of Integrated Components = 114
• 4-12 Monolithic-Circuit Layout = 115
• 4-13 Additional Isolation Methods = 118
• References = 119
• Review Questions = 119
• Part 2 Digital Circuits and Systems
• 5. Digital Circuits = 123
• 5-1 Digital(Binary) Operation of a System = 123
• 5-2 The OR Gate = 125
• 5-3 The AND Gate = 128
• 5-4 The NOT(INVERTER) Circuit = 130
• 5-5 The INHIBIT(ENABLE) Operation = 132
• 5-6 The EXCLUSIVE-OR Circuit = 133
• 5-7 De Morgan's Laws = 135
• 5-8 The NAND and NOR Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) Gates = 137
• 5-9 Modified(Integrated-Circuit) DTL Gates = 140
• 5-10 High-Tlreshold-Logic(HTL) Gate = 145
• 5-11 Transistor-Transistor-Logic(TTL) Gate = 146
• 5-12 Output Stages = 148
• 5-13 Resistor-Transistor Logic(RTL) and Direct-Coupled Transistor Logic(DCTL) = 152
• 5-14 Emitter-Coupled Logic(ECL) = 155
• 5-15 Compariwn of Logic Families = 160
• References = 163
• Review Questions = 164
• 6. Combinational Digital Systems = 166
• 6-1 Standard Gate Assemblies = 166
• 6-2 Binary Adders = 169
• 6-3 Arithmetic Functions = 175
• 6-4 Digital Comparator = 177
• 6-5 Parity Checker ／ Generator = 180
• 6-6 Decoder ／ Demultiplexer = 181
• 6-7 Data Selector ／ Multiplexer = 186
• 6-8 Encoder = 189
• 6-9 Read-Only Memory (ROM) = 193
• 6-10 Two-diznensional Addressing of a ROM = 197
• 6-11 ROM Applications = 199
• References = 202
• Review Questions = 203
• 7. Sequential Digital Systems = 205
• 7-1 A 1-Bit Memory = 205
• 7-2 The Clocked S-R FLIP-FLOP = 208
• 7-3 J-K, T, and D-Type FLlp-FLops = 210
• 7-4 Shift Registers = 215
• 7-5 Ripple(Asynchronous) Counters = 220
• 7-6 Synchronous Counters = 225
• 7-7 Applications of Counters = 228
• References = 231
• Review Questions = 231
• 8. Field-Effect Transistors = 234
• 8-1 The Junction Field-Effect Transistor = 235
• 8-2 The JFET Volt-Ampere Characteistics = 237
• 8-3 Fabrication of JFETs = 241
• 8-4 The Enhanmment Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor(MOSFET) = 242
• 8-5 The Depletion MOSFET = 247
• 8-6 Technological Improvements = 249
• 8-7 MOSFET Inverters = 253
• 8-8 MOSFET Logic Gates = 259
• 8-9 Complementary MOSFETs = 263
• References = 267
• Review Questions = 267
• 9. Large-Scale Integration Systems = 269
• 9-1 Dynamic MOS Shift Registers = 269
• 9-2 Ratioless Shift-Register Stages = 273
• 9-3 MOS Read-Only Memory = 276
• 9-4 Erasable-Programmable Read-Only Memory(EPROM) = 279
• 9-5 Programmable Logic Array(PLA) = 283
• 9-6 Random-Access Memory(RAM) = 286
• 9-7 Read ／ Write Memory Cells = 291
• 9-8 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) = 298
• 9-9 CCD Structures = 302
• 9-10 CCD Memory Organimtions = 308
• 9-11 Microprocessor and Microcomputer = 312
• 9-12 Integrated-Injection Logic($$l^2$$ L) = 315
• 9-13 Injection Logic Circuits = 321
• References = 325
• Review Questions = 326
• Part 3 Analog Circuits and Systems
• 10. Analog Diode Circuits = 333
• 10-1 A Simple Application = 333
• 10-2 Clipping(Limiting) Circuits = 335
• 10-3 Clipping at Two Independent Levels = 338
• 10-4 A Breakdown-Diode Voltage Regulator = 342
• 10-5 Rectifiers = 343
• 10-6 Other Full-Wave Circuits = 348
• 10-7 Capacitor Filters = 350
• 10-8 Additional Diode Circuits = 354
• Reference = 356
• Review Questions = 356
• 11. Low-Frequency Amplifiers = 358
• 11-1 The Operating Point of a BJT = 359
• 11-2 Bias Stability = 361
• 11-3 Self-Bias or Emitter Bias = 363
• 11-4 Stabilization against Variations in $$l_CO$$, $$V_BE$$, and β = 365
• 11-5 Output Wavefoms for a Sinusoidal Input = 370
• 11-6 Approximate Small-Signal BJT Models = 372
• 11-7 The Transistor Transconductance = 373
• 11-8 Linear Analysis of a Transistor Circuit = 375
• 11-9 The Common-Emitter(CE) Amplifier = 376
• 11-10 The Emitter Follower = 379
• 11-11 The Common-Base(CB) Amplifier = 381
• 11-12 Comparison of BJT Amplifier Configurations = 381
• 11-13 The CE Amplifier with an Emitter Resistor = 382
• 11-14 Cascading Transistor Amplifiers = 384
• 11-15 Accurate Small-Signal BJT Models = 389
• 11-16 High-Input-Resistanm BJT Circuits = 393
• 11-17 Biasing the Field-Effect Transistor = 397
• 11-18 The JFET or MOSFET Small-Signal Model = 400
• 11-19 The Low-Frequency Common-Source and Common-Drain Amplifiers = 402
• 11-20 The JFET as a Voltage-Controlled Resistor(VCR) = 405
• References = 406
• Review Questions = 406
• 12. Feedback Amplifier Characteristics = 409
• 12-1 Classification of Amplifiers = 409
• 12-2 The Feedback Concept = 411
• 12-3 The Transfer Gain with Feedback = 414
• 12-4 General Characteristics of Negative-Feedback Amplifiers = 417
• 12-5 Input Resistance = 420
• 12-6 Output Resistance = 424
• 12-7 Method of Analysis of a Feedback Amplifier = 426
• 12-8 Voltage-Series Feedback = 428
• 12-9 A Voltage-Series Feedback Pair = 432
• 12-10 Current-Series Feedback = 434
• 12-11 Cuuent-Shunt Feedback = 438
• 12-12 Voltage-Shunt Feedback = 442
• References = 444
• Review Questions = 445
• 13. Frequency Response of Amplifiers = 447
• 13-1 Frequency Distortion = 447
• 13-2 Step Response of an Amplifier = 451
• 13-3 Effect of Coupling and Emitter Bypass Capacitors on Low-Frequency Response = 445
• 13-4 The RC-Coupled Amplifier = 457
• 13-5 The Hybrid-πTransistor Model at High Frequencies = 458
• 13-6 Variations of Hybrid-πParameters = 461
• 13-7 The CE Short-Circuit Current Gain = 462
• 13-8 The Generalized Voltage-Gain Function = 464
• 13-9 Single-Stage CE Transistor Amplifier Response = 466
• 13-10 The Gain-Bandwidth Product = 471
• 13-11 Emitter Follower at High Frequencies = 472
• 13-12 High-Frequency Response of Two Cascaded CE Transistor Stages = 475
• 13-13 Multistage CE Amplifier at High Frequencies = 478
• 13-14 The Common-Source Amplifier at High Frequencies = 479
• 13-15 The Common-Drain Amplifier at High Frequencies = 483
• 13-16 Bandpass of Cascaded Stages = 484
• References = 486
• Review Questions = 486
• 14. Feedback Amplifier Frequency Response = 489
• 14-1 Effect of Feedbak on Amplifier Bandwidth = 489
• 14-2 Double-Pole Transfer Function with Feedback = 493
• 14-3 Three-Pole Tanfer Function with Feedback = 499
• 14-4 Approximate Analysis of a Multipole Feedback Amplifier = 500
• 14-5 Voltage-Shunt Feedback AmPlifier-Frequency Response = 501
• 14-6 cuffent-Series Feedback Amplifier-FTequency Response = 505
• 14-7 Current-Shunt Feedback Pair-Frequency Response = 508
• 14-8 Voltage-Series Feedback Pair-Frequency Response = 511
• 14-9 Stability = 514
• 14-10 Bode Plots = 516
• References = 521
• Revim Questions = 521
• 15. Operational Amplifier Characteristics = 523
• 15-1 The Basic operational Amplifier = 523
• 15-2 The Differential Amplifier = 527
• 15-3 The Emitter-coupled Differential Amplifier = 529
• 15-4 Transfer racteristics of a Differen Amplifier = 533
• 15-5 Operational Amplifier Design Techniques = 535
• 15-6 Analog Design Techniques(Continued) = 540
• 15-7 Offset Error Voltages and Currents = 546
• 15-8 Measurement of Operational Amplifier Parameters = 551
• 15-9 Frequency Response of Operational Amplifiers = 555
• 15-10 Compensation = 558
• 15-11 Dominant-Pole Compensation = 558
• 15-12 Pole-Zero Compensation = 559
• 15-13 Lead Compensation = 564
• References = 565
• Reviw Questions = 566
• 16. Operational Amplifier Systems = 569
• 16-1 Basic Operational Amplifier APPlicaitons = 569
• 16-2 Differential (Instrumentation) Amplifiers = 573
• 16-3 AC-CouPled Amplifier = 576
• 16-4 Analog Integration and Differentiation = 577
• 16-5 Electronic Analog Computation = 581
• 16-6 Active Filters = 582
• 16-7 Active Resonant Bandpass Filters = 588
• 16-8 Precision AC ／ DC Converters = 592
• 16-9 Sample-and-Hold Systems = 596
• 16-10 Analog Multiplexer and Demultiplexer = 699
• 16-11 Logarithmic and Exponential Amplifier = 600
• 16-12 Digital-to-Analog(D ／ A) Converters = 606
• 16-13 Analog-to-Digital(A ／ D) Converters = 609
• References = 615
• Review Questions = 616
• 17. Waveshaping and Waveform Generators = 618
• 17-1 Comparators = 618
• 17-2 Applications of Comparators = 620
• 17-3 Regenerative Comparator(Schmitt Trigger) = 622
• 17-4 Square-Wave and Triangular-Wave Generators = 625
• 17-5 Pulse Generators = 632
• 17-6 Voltage Time-Base Generators = 635
• 17-7 Step(Staircase) Generators = 639
• 17-8 Modulation of a Square Wave = 642
• 17-9 Sinusoidal Generators = 646
• 17-10 The Phase-Shift Oscillator = 649
• 17-11 A General Form of Oscillator Configuration = 651
• 17-12 The Wien Bridge Oscillatr = 653
• 17-13 Crystal Oscillator = 655
• References = 657
• Review Questions = 658
• 18. Power Circuits and Systems = 660
• 18-1 Large-Signal Amplifien = 660
• 18-2 Harmonic Distortion = 662
• 18-3 Amplifier Classification = 665
• 18-4 Efficiency of a Class A Amplifier = 666
• 18-5 Class B Push-Pull Amplitien = 667
• 18-6 Class AB Operation = 670
• 18-7 Integrated-Circuit Power Amplifiers = 672
• 18-8 Thermal Considerations fiers = 673
• 18-9 Regulated Power Supplies = 676
• 18-10 Monolithic Regulators = 678
• 18-11 A Switching Regulator = 681
• 18-12 Additional Switching Regulator Topologies = 684
• 18-13 Power Field-Fffect Transistor(VMOS) = 689
• References = 691
• Review Questions = 692
• Appendixes = 694
• A Constants and Conversion Factors = 694
• B Semiconductor Manufacturers and Device Specifications = 696
• c Summary of Network Theory = 706
• D Problems = 732
• E Answers to Selected Problem = 862
• Index = 871