경주 신라왕경지역 출토 목재의 수종 해석 = Species of the Archaeological Woods Excavated in Gyeongju, the Capital of Silla Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objective of this study is to investigate the species of woods excavated from the relics of Gyeongju, the capital of Silla Dynasty in order to obtain various information. Information possibly obtained from the study of wood species includes the environment of the time when the relics were formed, the characteristics of trees by region and period, the time of introduction of foreign species, preferred end uses, wood-processing techniques and tool traces.
This study performed the analysis of species of archaeological woods amounting to 1,148 pieces, 212 from Wolseonghaeja (the moat of Wolseong castle) and 936 from Anapji Pond, both relics span from the era of the Three States to the period of the United Silla.
All samples were examined by optical microscope or scanning electron microscope, mostly after embedding in PEG(polyethylene glycol) 2000.
Anatomical features were examined and compared with reference preparats.
The identification codes of IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) were input to the database of Inside Wood (Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, USA) and FFPRI (Forest and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan) in order to confirm the results of analysis.
As a result, a total of 30 species were found in Gyeongju among which 19 were excavated from Wolseonghaeja. In Wolseonghaeja, Quercus acutissima topped the list at 43%, followed by Pinus densiflora and chestnut at 22% and 13%, respectively. These percentages indicate that broad-leaved species such as oak trees were widely used at that time, and it was probably because these woods were mostly used as construction materials. Furthermore, Albizzia julibrissin and Chionanthus retusa were found for the first time, as an important data for vegetation restoration of the past.
Among 26 species identified at Anapji Pond, Pinus densiflora accounted for 58%, which indicated that Pinus densiflora was largely used, given the fact that a number of wooden tablets were excavated from this site. However, in case of Quercus acutissima has fallen to 14 %. Moreover, Abies holophylla, Cryptomeria japonica, Magnolia spp., Picrasma quassioides, Kalopanax pictus and Chionanthus retusa were detected for the first time in Gyeongju area.
In the meanwhile, Taxus cuspidata and Cryptomeria japonica were found in Anapji. Cryptomeria japonica is one of the native Japanese species. It is most likely that the Silla Dynasty was closely related with Japan. Taxus cuspidata, an alpine trees growing in highlands and cold region, indicated that it was imported from other region, possibly from northern Korea.
In case of wooden tablets, Pinus densiflora (87%) were obviously preferred to others. It might be easy to get from the nature, and easy to work by ancient tools because of its moderate density (about 0.45 g/cm3). Writings in ink on the tablets would be clear with the help of its fine structure with more than 90% of tracheids and clear wood color.
In case of combs, the Three Kingdoms (the 5th century) one were made from Zizyphus spp. and Betula spp., the unified Silla age(the 8th century) from Pyrus spp. and Cornus spp. Considering the function of comb teeth, combs should be made of selected species of stronger woods. However, with gradual expansion of social class to use and rise in demands for it, it is assumed that various species began to be used together.
In case of lacquered bowl ware, only a few species were used in Wolseonghaeja, Ulmus spp. and Morus spp. and Fraxinus spp. accounted for 67%, 17% and 17%, respectively. However, when we count all lacquer wares excavated in Korea, Salix spp.(15%), Morus spp.(15%), and Zelkova serrata (15%) were found to be preferred the most.
Although woods used as construction materials are absolutely rare in the number, the analysis of species of woods found in the two sites revealed that oak trees were mainly found for the Three States era, whereas Pinus densiflora for the United Silla. Preference of woods for building materials changed from oak trees into Pinus densiflora, which might be related to depletion of oak trees among forest resources.
After all, oak trees are thought to have been gradually depleted from forest resources due to mass production of charcoals and frequent uses as construction materials, probably between the late Unified Silla and early Goryeo Dynasty.
In the comparison between areas of former Silla and Baekje Dynasty, while more diversified species were found in Silla area. More species of Japanese origin were found in Baekje area, which implies that Baekje was more active in exchanges with Japan than Silla.
Finally, as a result of the analysis on species of archaeological woods, it is considered that there is no big difference in vegetation environment of Gyeongju during the United Silla era, compared to that of today.
The results were also compared with the trees shown in related records in 『Samguksagi(三國史記)』, 『Samgukyusa(三國遺事)』 and 『Goryeosa(高麗史)』 literatures describing social situations of the time and some information related with the vegetation of the times shown by the relics.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• Ⅱ. 연구사 4
• Ⅲ. 연구대상 10
• 1. 월성해자 11
• 2. 안압지 15
• Ⅳ. 연구방법 19
• 1. 시료채취 19
• 2. 샘플제작 21
• 3. 수종식별 24
• 4. Web site code 25
• Ⅴ. 수종분석 26
• 1. 수종분석 결과 26
• 1) 수종구성 26
• 2) 유적별 비교분석 및 고찰 28
• 3) 용도별 비교분석 및 고찰 35
• 4) 시대별 비교분석 및 고찰 55
• 5) 지역별 비교분석 및 고찰 61
• 2. 수종별 조직 특성과 식별기준 68
• Ⅵ. 종합고찰 109
• Ⅶ. 결 론 123
• 참고문헌 125
• 부록 1. List of Tables & Figures (in English) 132
• 부록 2. Translation of Selected Tables in English 136
• 부록 3. 문헌에 나타나는 나무 141
• 부록 4. Web Site Search Result 150