Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for novel anticancer strategies with reduced cytotoxicity and improved therapeutic selectivity. In this study, we investigated the antican...
Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for novel anticancer strategies with reduced cytotoxicity and improved therapeutic selectivity. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of scleroderolide, a natural compound isolated from Penicillium sp. EML-48, in murine colorectal cancer MC38 cells. Scleroderolide significantly inhibited cell proliferation without inducing apoptosis, indicating a non-cytotoxic mode of action. Cell cycle analysis revealed that scleroderolide induced S-phase arrest, which was accompanied by downregulation of cyclin A2 and cyclin D1. In addition, scleroderolide treatment resulted in decreased expression of p27 and increased activation and phosphorylation of p53, suggesting that aberrant S-phase entry and subsequent p53 pathway activation may be associated with the observed cell cycle arrest. Scleroderolide also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which may contribute to DNA damage–mediated p53 activation. Furthermore, scleroderolide induced cellular senescence, as evidenced by increased SA-β-gal activity, formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, and changes in cell size and granularity. Notably, the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)–related inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was significantly reduced, consistent with features of p53-dependent senescence. In addition, scleroderolide modulated immune-related molecules by upregulating MHC class I expression and differentially regulating PD-L1 expression. Autophagy-related gene expressions, including Bec1, LC3B, and p62, were decreased following scleroderolide treatment, which may be associated with the maintenance of the senescent state. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that scleroderolide suppresses colorectal cancer cell proliferation by inducing p53-mediated S-phase arrest and cellular senescence without cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a promising anticancer candidate targeting cell cycle regulation and senescence.