HENRY JAMES 作品攷(II) : Amerian Horizons of Authentic Value in Henry James' the America, The Portrait of a Lady and The Europeans 「美國人」「어떤 淑女의 肖像」「유럽人들」에서 본 「眞情한 價値」의 美國的 地平 = A Study of Henry James' Works(II)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Henry James took as much interest in the theme, that is, in what he calls the subject, as in the novelistic aesthetics. This paper is to approach some of Henry James works, involving not so much the formalistic aesthetics as international theme, from the viewpoint of challenge an4 resistence to American values from Europe. This paper is also to elucidate The American, The Portrait of a Lady and The Eurpoeans as a series of challenge. or as a continuity of resistence or transcendence between(A) the seduced values of the European ancien regime represented as wile, trick. treachery and falsehood and (B) the American values involving naivete, innocence and freedom. This paper does not attempt to find out the equation of struggle and fighting between Europeanism and Americanism, or between aristocracy and democracy but to survey the model pursuit of the authentic value by the problematic hero who react against the social corruptions and seductions. Socioliterary theories by such as Lucien Golidman or Georg Lukacs are very conducive to the interpretaton of such pursuits.
The direct adaptation of socio-literary schemes by Lukacs or Goldman to the delicate works of Henry James' necessitates the serious caution as to the authentic value, the problematic hero or the vertical transcendence, since the former is concerned with the realist fiction while the latter with the novelistic aesthetics. At the time of formation of these theories the prevalence of the socoal evils or the seduction of social values was attributed to the wrong social system of capitalism. Henry James' age was the time when the capitalism safely keeps the authentic value or the social health from corruption. Such a matrix of theoretic background and situation necessarily results in the adaptation of the homology, not of anology, proposed by Lucien Goldman.
The raison d' etre of modern capitalism does not consist in the prevalence of social evils or immoralities caused by the pursuit of the private profit as is asserted by Marxists, but in the entrepreneurial moralities-diligence, creativity and endurance as is proposed by Max Weber. Christopher Newman (The American), Isabel Archer (The Portrait of a lady) and the Wentworths (The Europeans) unanimously belong to the capitalistic class. They do not perform the negative attributes of the capitalistic society but represent such positive progressive characteristics of capitalism as creativity, diligence, thrift, industry, frugality, endurance and innovation. Those descendents of capitalism may well inherit progressive capitalistic moralities which grow such American values as innocence, naivete and freedom.
Not only from the viewpoint of the sociological approach but also from that of the archetypal, as is indicated by Anderson, the American literary tradition was the continuity of efforts to set down the American Adam. As Nathaniel Hawthrone, Henry James and William Faulkner portrayed their heroes as those who are suffering from the internal conflict caused by the outward challenge to the internal consciousness of the American value, so James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain, and Ernest Hemingway successfully put into unique depiction the particular activists who managed to cope with the outward manace and challenge to their self-fulfillment or self-developement of experiences based on naivete, innocence and freedom. Archtypal approaches coincide with the socio-literary on the point of self-ailment or self-development of traditional authentic values based on naivete, innocence and freedom. Survey of such a background and a situation convinces us of the fact that these two different approaches do not essentially contradict but conduce to each other.
Christopher Newman, Isabel Archer, Robert Acton or \entworth wanders in different spaces such as Rome, Boston and act at different times such as 1865 and 1872. Nevertheless they unanimously act as an American outsider or pionner performing American values, wielding the flag of the traditional American culture. Christopher Newman who has won a victory and a mammon both in the civil war and in the business field tries to transfer his ideal of innocence, naivete and freedom to the cultural channel of tradition, and to assail the Bellegardes, the descendents of the 800-year-old Bourbons armed with the false consciousness of the nepotistic prestige and treachery.
Their corruption and seduction was too strong for the innocent American to beat down its temptation. Christopher Newman was too naive and too innocent to be a problematic hero and to resort to the vertical transcendence. He was so much of an American Adam as to act accordingly to the American way of values, far from the way of the realist fiction. The problematic hero of the realist fiction schematized by Georg Lukacs or by Lucien Goldman may cause the breakdown of the bilateral parts (the Bellegardes and Newman). Nevertheless, Henry James took more efforts in portraying the ideal pioneer performing American values, far from the hero of the realist fiction. He resisted to the ancien regime's trickery and treachery with innocence and naivete. He challenged the European aristocracy to their false consciousness and hypocracy with liberty and adventure. In the face of aristocratic cunning and artfulness of the αncien regime such as the reversion of engagement, his emotion narrowly escapes the seduced actions such as the dramatic revelation of the secret that Mme.de Bellegarde had killed her husband. With all his love of the Parisian treasure, he willingly part with his most favorite human masterpiece. American values are more preferable, with all its immediate pain and sorrow, even to his favorite Parisian treasure.
What has become of the American value in The Portrait of a Lady? Isabel Archer's constant pursuit of tile abundant life caused her to desert Goodwood, the rich young .%.merican businessman. Her continued preference of American values-liberty, naivete and innocence-encouraged her to abandon the proposal by Lord Warbburton, the English young handsome millionaire. No temptation of liberty and innocence of human kind can tempt him. Her earnest dream of American values such as liberty and innocence defies any kind of allurement or seduction of mammon or peerage, In a sense she represents the American value and culture. Such an earnest dreams caused Isabel Archer (1) to take Osmond's sluggard inaction and dillettantism for his artistic innate pure character consisting of innocence, generosity and liberty, (2) to fall a victim to the seduced temptation of the sneaking Mme. Merle or sordid Osmond, (3) to feel 9 pity on Miss Pansy and never to part with her, with all her sordid contempt at her parent's despisable plot, (4) to prefer an unhappy marriage life together with Osmond and Pansy to a rich happy marriage with Goodwood or with Warburton, and (5) to stick to the present wish immediate and unhappy with poverty and contempt, preferably to the earnest proposal of love by Goodwood.
How is it with the American value in The Europeans? The Europeans begins with the landing at the home of the traditional American Boston wentworths (the Puritan descendants) by the baroness Eugenia Munster and her-brother Felix Young from the Silberstadt Schreckenstein armed with all kinds of falsehood and corruptions, prepared with treachery and cunning of the seduced aristocratic ancien regime. They appear noble, refined and cultivated by the long traditional European culture. The cultural background and situation of the American land represented by the Wentworths and their relatives as naivete, liberal and innocent welcome and accept the foreign cultures and refinements of the ancien regime of the European aristocracy. Nevertheless, when they detect their tricky, wicked and treacherous motive and intentions and come across their secret plot and trick they took time to evince their hatred of the pretended hypocrite European culture and tried to banish such corrupted culture. The Wentworths, represent the traditional American culture and puritanism. In Boston George Washington, founder of the American land, stayed with them for a night during his rotary tour. In the house of the Wentworths there is "no splendour, no gilding, no troops of servants but a collection of angels" pure, naive and liberal of heart and mind.
Both in The American and in The Portrait of a Lady two protagonists of Christopher and Isabel Archer positively propagandizes the American traditional cultural value and challenge for victory and surrender the ancient system of the European culture which attempts to land and corrupt America. The American aboriginese strongly repudiates to accept and to assimilate foreign corruptions and treacheries.
In contrast to Mme. de Bellegarde and Marquis de Bellegarde (The American) Gilbert Osmond and Mme Serene Merle (The Portrait of a Lady) and Baroness Eugenia Munster (The Europeans) who represent the seduced European value and culture such as plot, treachery, cruelty, immorality, reification and falsehood, Christopher Newman, Isabel Archer and Robert Acton willingly become what Lucien Goldman or Georg Lukacs calls the problematic hero but not resorting to what is called the vertical transcendence. The Protagonist of Henry James' fiction willingly becomes the painful pioneer and outsider of the American culture in performing his ideal innocence, naivete and liberty.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論
• Ⅰ-1. 拙稿의 目的 ─ 國際的 主題 美國的 價値 「問題的 主人公」
• Ⅰ-2. 舊秩序價値(陰謀 狡猾 機會主義 虛位主義) 對 美國的 價値(純眞 無垢 自由)
• Ⅰ-3. Goldman의 小說社會學-analogy와 homology
• Ⅰ-4. 資本主義의 倫理性-Max Weber
• Ⅰ-5. 拙稿의 理論的 構造
• Ⅱ. 「미국인」(The American) 소교
• Ⅱ-i. 줄거리 ─ Christoper Newman의 立志傳的 生涯-①10歲 以前의 國民學校敎育 ②軍
• 將星除隊 ③事業投信(百萬長者) ④歐洲文化遍歷 ⑤歐洲文化價値와의 正面衝突 ⑥美國的 價
• 値의 指向
• Ⅱ-ii-1. 「美國人」의 登場 人物들
• Ⅱ- -3. Bellegrade家의 槪況 ─ 八百年傳統의 Bourbon 王家의 後裔
• Ⅱ-ii-2. Mme. de Bellegrade ─ 舊貴族文化(權威 傳統 虛僞 僞善)의 源泉
• Ⅱ-ii-3. Marquis Urbain de Bellegrade ─ 外面的으로 洗練 貴族的 ─ 內面的으로 嫉妬
• 와 虛僞意識
• Ⅱ-ii-4. Claire de Cintre de Bellegarde ─ 完璧한 新婦藝術品(美貌 知性 젊음 善性) ─ 不
• 運한 人生(意思에 反한 初婚 約婚 破婚)
• Ⅱ-iii.「美國人」에서 본 「眞情한 價値」의 美國的 地平. ─ ①洗練과 敎養의 不在 ②軍將
• 星生活 ③實業界頂上征服 ④ Paris의 正統文化와 敎養에 挑戰 ⑤ 狡猾한 舊歐洲價値와 陰謀
• 의 拒否 ⑥悲戀의 敗北 純眞 無垢 自由의 固守
• Ⅲ.「어떤 淑女의 肖像」(The Portrait of a Lady) 小攷
• Ⅲ-i 줄거리 ─ ①Thouchett, Isabel, Warburton, Goodwood間의 關係 ②Ralph의 遺産과
• Isabel ③meditative vigil(撤夜의 瞑想)
• Ⅲ-ii「어떤 淑女의 肖像」의 登場人物들
• Ⅲ-ii-1. Isabel Archer ─ ①天眞 無垢 自由의 挑戰 ②Osmond의 卑劣한 底意
• Ⅲ-ii-2. Ralph Touchett ─ 他人을 通한 自己 實現
• Ⅲ-ii-3. Mme, Serena Merle ─ ①Osmond ②Pansy ③Isabel과의 關係
• Ⅲ-iii. 「어느 淑女의 肖像」에서 본「眞情한 價値의 美國的 地平 ─ Osmond 와
• Mme.Merle.의 卑俗과 僞善에 對한 Isabel의 忍苦와 克己 ─ 美國的 價値의 指向
• Ⅳ.「유럽人들」(The Europeans) 小攷
• Ⅳ-i. 줄거리 ─ ①Boston Wentworth家 Gertrude와 Felix와 Brand間의 三角關係 ②William
• Wentworth와 Charlotte의 puritanism ③間接追放-Robert Acton과 Baroness Munster와의
• 關係
• Ⅳ-ii.「유럽人들」의 登場人物들
• 1. Felix Young-보헤미안바거본드
• 2. Baroness Eugenia Munster ─ 緻密 打算 墮落 狡猾 虛僞意識
• 3. Wenworth家 ─「퓨리터니즘」과 美國的 價値
• 4. William Wentworth ─ 五拾代의 Harvard 出身 Boston人
• 5. Charlotte Wentworth ─ 安定된 美國的 價値와 情緖의 表象
• 6. Gertrude Wentworth ─ 情緖的 不安 ─ 美國的 價値의 否定的 後裔
• 7. Clifford Wenworth ─ 精神的 離乳와 情緖的 放浪
• 8. Robert Acton ─ 歐洲의 墮落과 汚染에 敏感한 拒否反應
• Ⅳ-iii.「어떤 淑女의 肖像」에서 본「眞情한 價値」의 美國的 地平
• 1.「양상레짐」의 不道德과 墮落 ─ 意識의 私物化와 職銜의 「物神化」現狀
• 2. 純眞 無垢 自由의 指向 ─ 舊秩序의 墮落이나 汚染에 拒否反應
• Ⅴ. 結論
• 1. 세作品의 主人公들 ─ 美國的 價値守護를 爲한 「아웃사이더」이자 「파이어니어」
• 2. Newman ─「垂直的 超越」이나 「問題的 主人公」을 忌避 ─ 煩惱와 受難의 自意的
• 選擇
• 3. Isabel ─ 自由 純眞 無垢의 追求 (①「딜레땅띄즘」의 錯覺 ② Mme. Merle의 卑劣과
• 陰謀 ③Pansy에 對한 憐憫 ④愛情의 冷却도 不拘 男便에게의 歸還)
• 4. Wentworth ─ 光輝,塗金 擾亂의 不在 ─ 汚染된 歐洲秩序의 本土上陸에 對한 婉曲한
• 拒否
• 5. 非「垂直的 超越」에 依한 고달픈 美國的 價値의 守護
• Ⅵ. Selected Bibliography
• Ⅶ. Abstract