1 "http://energycommerce.house.gov/reparchives/108/Hearings06142006hearing1921/hearing.htm"
2 "Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50"
3 "Winters v. New York, 333 U.S. 507, 518-520 (1948)"
4 "WASH. REV. CODE § 9.91.180 (2007)"
5 "Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, (1976)"
6 John Gaudiosi, "Violent-Game Flares Up" 26 : 18-, 2004
7 Michael D. Slater, "Violent Media Content and Aggressiveness in Adolescents: A Downward Spiral Model" 30 : 713-, 2003
8 Kimberly M. Thompson, "Violence in E-rated Video Games" 286 : 593-, 2001
9 Anita Hamilton, "Video Vigilantes" 165 : 29-, 2005
10 "Video Software Dealers Ass'n. v. Maleng, 325 F. Supp. 2d 1180, 1188 (W.D. Wash. 2004)"
11 Eric M. Weiss, "Video Games' Chaos Echoed In Streets"
12 "United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., 529 U.S. 803, 819-822 (2000"
13 "Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 664-668 (1994)"
14 George Gerbner, "Towards "Cultural Indicators": The Analysis of Mass Mediated Message Systems" 17 : 137-, 1969
15 Thomas Emerson, "Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment" 72 : 877-939, 1963
16 "Top Video Game Rentals, 118 BILLBOARD 67 (2006)"
17 "Top 10 Industry Facts" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE ASSOCIATION
18 Rebecca Addelman, "They're rated "T" for Troubling" 119 : 61-, 2006
19 John Davidson, "The Ratings Game" 2004
20 David Walsh, "Tenth Annual MediaWise Video and Computer Game Report Card 2005" NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MEDIA AND THE FAMILY
21 "Telephone Interview with Patricia Vance, President of ESRB (June 19, 2007)"
22 Shane Bettenhausen, "State of Emergency" 15 : 120-, 2002
23 James Brooke, "Seoul Blocks U.S. Video Game Stereotypes; Censors Dislike North Koreans' Image"
24 DAVE GROSSMAN, "STOP TEACHING OUR KIDS TO KILL: A CALL TO ACTION AGAINST TV,MOVIE, AND VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE"
25 "Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957)"
26 Christopher Dean, "Returning the Pig to Its Pen: A Pragmatic Approach to regulating Minors' Access to Violent Video Games" 75 : 136-159, 2006
27 "Ratings Search" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RATINGS BOARD
28 "Posadas, 478 U.S. at 341-344"
29 "Posadas, 478 U.S. 328 (1986)"
30 "Playtime, 475 U.S. at 52, 53"
31 "Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41 (1986)"
32 Mark Friedler, "Playing the Video Game Consumer" EMERGING PLATFORMS
33 DAVE GROSSMAN, "ON KILLING: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL COST OF LEARNING TO KILL IN WAR AND SOCIETY"
34 "New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 274 (1974)"
35 "Motion Picture Association of America, Inc. v. Specter, 315 F. Supp. 824 (E.D. Pa. 1970)"
36 "Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1973)"
37 Federal Trade Commission, "Marketing Violent Entertainment to Children"
38 "Maleng, 325. F. Supp. 2d, 1188, 1189"
39 "Maleng, 325 F. Supp. 2d at 1190"
40 "Maleng, 325 F. Supp. 2d 1180 (W.D. Wash. 2004)"
41 "Lorillard, 533 U.S. 525"
42 Kerri L. Keller, "Lorillard Tobacco v. Reilly: The Supreme Court Sends First Amendment Guarantees Up in Smoke by Applying the Commercial Speech to Contentbased Regulations" 36 : 133-144, 2002
43 "Lorillard Tobacco Company v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525 (2001)"
44 GERARD JONES, "KILLING MONSTERS:WHY CHILDREN NEED FANTASY, SUPER HEROES, AND MAKE BELIEVE VIOLENCE"
45 "Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 390 U.S. 676 (1968)"
46 "Interactive Digital Software Association v. St. Louis, 329 F. 3d 954, 958, 959 (8th Cir. 2003)"
47 "Interactive Digital Software Association v. St. Louis, 200 F. Supp. 2d 1126, 1137, 1138 (E.D. Mo. 2002)"
48 Nathan Phillips, "Interactive Digital Software Ass'n v. St. Louis County: The First Amendment and Minors' Access to Violent Video Games" 19 : 585-588, 2004
49 John Gaudiosi, "IDSA, VSDA Contest Video Game Law" 21 : 4-, 2001
50 William Cross, "Hot Coffee and Freeze-Dried Analysis: The Dubious Constitutionality of Using Private Ratings for Public Regulation of Video Games" 4 (4): 299-, 2006
51 "Hatch, 443 F. Supp. 2d, 1072"
52 "H.R. 5912, 109th Cong. (2006)"
53 "Group Warns Parents about Killographic Games"
54 Thomas C. Greene, "Greek Govt. Bans All Computer Games" THE REGISTER
55 "Ginsberg, v. New York, 390 U.S. 629 (1968)"
56 "Friedman v. Rogers, 440 U.S. 1, 11 (1979)"
57 "Fequently Asked Questions about the ESRB" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RATINGS BOARD
58 "Facts & Research: Game Player Data" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE ASSOCIATION
59 "FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978)"
60 "Entertainment Software Association, 404 F. Supp.2d at 1076, 1077"
61 "Entertainment Software Ass'n. v. Hatch, 443 F. Supp. 2d, 1065, 1072 (D.C. Minn. 2006)"
62 "Entertainment Software Ass'n. v. Blagojevich, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93638"
63 "Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Blagojevich, 404 F. Supp. 2d 1051 (N.D. Ill. 2005)"
64 "Engdahl v. City of Kenosha, 317 F. Supp. 1133 (E.D. Wis. 1970)"
65 Anderson, Craig A., "Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature" 12 : 353-, 2001
66 "Eclipse Enterprises, Inc. v. Gulotta, 134 F. 3d 63, 67, 68 (2nd Cir. 1997)"
67 "ESRB Ratings Process" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RATINGS BOARD
68 "ESRB Game Ratings and Descriptor Guide" ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RATINGS BOARD
69 "ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RATINGS BOARD"
70 Kristie M. Farrar, "Contextual Features of Violent Video Games, Mental Models, and Aggression" 56 : 387-, 2006
71 Kimberly M. Thompson, "Content and Ratings of Mature-rated Video Games" 160 : 402-, 2006
72 Burt Helm, "Congress: Stop Playing Games"
73 "City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 54"
74 "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568"
75 Ilana Lubin, "Challenging Standard Conceptions of Tradition, Science and Technology in 2006: Why Laws Prohibiting the Sale of Violent Video Games to Minors Should Be ultimately Upheld" 13 : 173-177, 2006
76 "Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 447 U.S. 557, 561-563"
77 Andrew Norfolk, "Censors Approve "Torture the Police" Game"
78 Tom Farrand, "Brands and Gaming: Are You Ready to Play?" 7 : 8-, 2006
79 "Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444"
80 "Bigelow, 421 U.S. 809"
81 Jan Van Mierlo, "Benchmarking the Cultivation Approach to Video Game Effects: A Comparison of the Correlates of TV viewing and Game Play" 27 : 97-, 2004
82 "Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350, 363, 364"
83 "Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 245"
84 "American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50"
85 "A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)"
86 Kevin W. Saunders, "A Disconnect Between Law and Neuroscience: Modern Brain Science, Media Influences, and Juvenile Justice" 695-715, 2005
87 David Walsh, "11th Annual MediaWise Video Game Report Card" NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MEDIA AND THE FAMILY