Effects of Dietary Vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses and Reproductive Performance in Sows and Growth of Their Progeny

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Effects of Dietary Vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses and Reproductive Performance in Sows and Growth of Their Progeny
Reproductive performance is one of the most important economic values in mordern pig production. Dietary supplementation of vitamins is essential during gestation and lactation sows to prevent reproductive failure. Most of pigs are consumed vitamins as premixes to meet requirements of vitamins in commercial diets (Chae, 2000; NRC, 2012). The amounts of vitamins in the premix may be substantially higher than the requirement because premixes lose vitamin potency depending on feed processing practices and the length and manner of storage (Lauridsen and Jensen, 2005; NRC, 2012). It is well known that most of feed companies in Korea supplemented vitamin in pig diets at levels almost 3 to 10 times to requirement of NRC (2012) because they considered safety margin such as stress or any environmental conditions. Consequently, this is one of the reasons for rising feed cost in Korea.
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles and reproductive performance in gestating sows (Experiment 1), and in lactating sows (Experiment 2), and to evaluate the effects of dietary Hy-D® in diet of gestating sows on physiological responses, blood profiles, reproductive performance and their progeny growth (Experiment 3).

Experiment I. Effects of Dietary Vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles and Reproductive Performance in Gestating Sows

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles and reproductive performance in gestating sows. A total of 52 F1 multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) with average body weight (BW) of 223.49 ± 31.65 kg, average backfat thickness of 18.5 ± 4.9 mm, and a average parity of 6.38 ± 2.69 were allotted to one of 4 treatments considering BW, backfat thickness, and pairty in complete randomized design with 13 replicates. Treatments were 100% (V1), 300% (V3), 600% (V6) and 900% (V9) of NRC (2012) requirements. The gestating diet was formulated based on corn-SBM and contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 12.00% crude protein. In lactation period, all sows were fed the same commercial lactating diet. There was no significant difference in body weight of gestating sows, however backfat tended to increase as higher levels of vitamin was provided to gestating sows (P< 0.10). The body weight change of lactating sows was increased when sows were fed higher level of vitamin (P<0.01). The feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease when sows were fed increasing level of vitamin (P=0.06). Different levels of dietary vitamin did not show any difference in the number of total born, born alive, stillbirth piglets as well as body weight of piglets. The blood concentration of serum 25(OH)D3 of sows at 90 day of gestation showed a linear increment as dietary vitamin increased (P< 0.01). Furthermore, the serum vitamin E level of sows during gestation was higher linearly as dietary vitamin increased (P< 0.05). Consequently, current vitamin requirement of NRC (2012) is enough for gestating sow and additional supplementation of vitamin in gestating diet did not show any beneficial response during gestation.

Experiment II. Effects of Dietary Vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles and Reproductive Performance in Lactating Sows
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles and reproductive performance in lactating sows. A total of 48 F1 multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) with average body weight (BW) of 236.7 ± 24.27 kg, average backfat thickness of 20.83 ± 5.68 mm, and a average parity of 4.08 ± 0.69 were allotted to one of four treatments considering BW, backfat thickness, and pairty in complete randomized design (CRD) with 12 replicates. Treatments were 100% (V1), 300% (V3), 600% (V6) and 900% (V9) of NRC (2012) requirements. The lactating diet was formulated based on corn-SBM contained 3,300 kcal of ME/kg, 13.43% crude protein. There were no significant differences in body weight of lactating sows at 24 hours postpartum and 21 day of lactation and backfat thickness with dietary vitamin levels. No differences in average daily feed intake of lactating sows and weaning to estrus interval (WEI) were observed when sows were fed various level of vitamin in lactation period. There had no detrimental effect on total litter weight and piglet weight at 21 day of lactation as various levels of dietary vitamin supplemented. The concentrations of serum 25(OH)D3, vitamin E, calcium and phosphorus of sows in V6 and V9 treatments are significantly high compared to those of sows in V1 and V3 treatments. The concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and serum phosphorus of piglet in V6 and V9 treatments were higher compared to those in V1 and V3. Also, the concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and serum phosphorus were significantly elevated as increasing vitamin was supplied to sows (linear, P=0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). Although, serum concentration of vitamin in sows and piglets was increased as increasing level of vitamin in lactating sow diet, increasing level of vitamin failed to improve litter performance. This result demonstrates that supplementing vitamin levels over 3 times of vitamin requirement has no beneficial effect in lactating sows.

Experiment III. Effect of Dietary Hy-D® in Diet of Gestating Sows on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles, Reproductive Performance and Their Progeny Growth
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Hy-D® in diet of gestating sows on physiological responses, blood profiles, reproductive performance and their progeny growth. A total of 30 F1 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) with average body weight (BW) of 149.91 ± 10.83 kg, average backfat thickness of 23.1 ± 4.3 mm were allotted to one of 3 treatments considering BW, backfat thickness, and pairty in complete randomized design with 10 replicates. All experimental diets for gestating gilts were formulated based on corn-soybean meal Treatments are as followed: 1) CON : corn-SBM based diet without supplementation of Hy-D® , 2) HD5 : corn-SBM based diet with Hy-D® 0.05%, 3) HD10 : corn-SBM based diet with Hy-D® 0.10%. In lactation period, all sows were fed the same commercial lactating diet. There were no significant differences in body weight, backfat thickness of gestating sows by treatments and differences were not observed in body weight, daily feed intake and WEI of lactating sows. Backfat thickness of sows fed 0.10% Hy-D® was significantly increased (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in litter size among treatments, however total litter of sows fed higher level of Hy-D® was significantly improved (linear, P=0.041). The blood concentration of 25(OH)D3 when sows were fed Hy-D® was significantly increased in 35 d, 70 d of gestation period and 0 day of lactation period. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in the serum concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 in sows. When gestating sows were fed Hy-D®, the concentration of 25(OH)D3 in blood of their piglets was significantly higher (P=0.026). Also, the elevated levels of 25(OH)D3 at 24 hours postpartum and 1,25(OH)2D3 at weaning were observed as maternal Hy-D® regimen was increased (linear, P=0.013 and P=0.047, respectively). Body weight of weaning pig at 5 weeks was linearly increased when Hy-D® was provided to sows (linear, P=0.041). Average daily gain in late weaning period was significantly higher in the Hy-D® group. These results demonstrated that 0.1% of Hy-D® in gestating diet increased reproductive performance of sows and total litter weight. Also, supplementation of Hy-D® in diet of gestation sows improved blood concentration of 25(OH)D3 in both sows and piglets subsequently greater growth performance was observed in their progeny.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 실험은 임신돈 및 포유돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 모돈의 생리학적 변화와 번식성적 및 자돈의 성장에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 총 3 개의 실험으로 구성되어 있으며, 1) 임신돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 모돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향, 2) 포유돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 포유돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향, 3) 임신돈 사료 내 Hy-D®의 수준별 첨가가 모돈의 번식성적과 혈액성상 및 자돈의 성장에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다.
실험 1. 임신돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 모돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향
본 연구는 임신돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 모돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 총 52두의 F1 경산모돈(Yorkshire × Landrace)을 공시하였으며, 4처리, 13반복, 반복당 1두씩 체중과 산차에 따라 완전임의배치법으로 구배치 하였다. 실험처리구는 비타민의 첨가수준(NRC(2012) 요구량의 1, 3, 6, 9배)에 따라 구분하였다. 포유기에는 동일한 포유돈 사료를 급여하였다. 임신기동안 체중에는 처리구에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 비타민 수준이 높아질수록 임신기 등지방 두께가 증가하는 경향이 나타났다 (P<0.10). 포유기에는 비타민을 높은 수준으로 급여한 모돈의 체중이 급격하게 감소하는 결과가 나타났으며 (P<0.01), 포유기 사료섭취량 또한 비타민 수준에 따라 유의적으로 감소하는 경향이 나타났다 (P=0.06). 임신돈 사료 내 비타민 수준은 총산자수, 사산수, 생시자돈수에 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 또한 복당 체중 및 자돈의 체중에 있어서도 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 임신기 혈액 성상에 있어서 임신 90일령에 모돈의 혈중 25(OH)D3 농도가 비타민 수준이 증가함에 따라 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하는 결과가 나타났다. 또한 임신기동안 모돈의 혈중 vitamin E 농도 또한 증가하였다. 포유기 모돈의 혈액 성상 및 돈유의 유성분에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 임신기 사료 내 비타민 수준이 높아질수록 포유자돈의 혈액 내 25(OH)D3 및 비타민 E의 농도가 유의적으로 증가하는 결과가 나타났다. 결론적으로 임신기 사료 내 비타민을 높은 수준으로 급여하였을 때 임신돈 및 포유자돈의 혈중 비타민 농도를 증가시켜주는 결과가 나타났지만, 모돈의 번식성적에 어떠한 긍정적인 효과도 주지 못하였으며, 포유기 사료섭취량 및 체중이 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 임신돈 사료 내 비타민 수준은 현재 NRC (2012)의 비타민 요구만큼 첨가하여도 충분한 것으로 판단된다.
실험 2. 포유돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 포유돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향
본 실험은 포유돈 사료 내 비타민 수준이 모돈의 생리학적 변화, 번식성적 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 총 48두의 F1 경산모돈(Yorkshire × Landrace)을 공시하였으며, 4처리, 12반복, 반복당 1두씩 체중, 등지방두께 및 산차에 따라 완전임의배치법으로 구배치 하였다. 실험처리구는 비타민의 첨가수준(NRC(2012) 요구량의 100, 300, 600, 900%)에 따라 구분하였다. 실험결과 포유돈 사료 내 비타민의 수준이 증가하여도 분만 21일차 모돈의 체중 및 등지방 두께에 있어서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 수준별 비타민 공급은 포유기 모돈의 사료섭취량이나 재귀발정일에도 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 포유기 자돈의 성장에도 어떠한 긍정적인 효과도 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 포유돈 사료 내 비타민의 수준이 높아질수록 모돈의 혈중 25(OH)D3 (linear, P<0.01), 비타민 E (linear, P<0.01), 칼슘 (linear, P<0.01)과 인 (linear, P<0.01) 농도가 유의적으로 높아졌으며, 자돈 또한 혈중 25(OH)D3 (linear, P<0.01) 및 인 (linear, P<0.01)의 농도가 높아졌다. 결론적으로 포유돈 사료 내 비타민 증가는 모돈과 자돈의 혈중 비타민 농도를 높이지만 포유능력을 개선시키지 못하였다. 따라서 포유돈 사료 내 비타민은 NRC 요구량만큼만 공급하면 되는 것으로 판단된다.
실험 3. 임신돈 사료 내 Hy-D®의 수준별 첨가가 모돈의 번식성적과 혈액성상 및 자돈의 성장에 미치는 영향
본 연구는 임신돈 사료 내 Hy-D®의 수준별 첨가가 모돈의 번식성적과 혈액성상 및 자돈의 성장에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 총 30두의 F1 초산돈(Yorkshire × Landrace)을 공시하였으며, 3처리, 10반복, 반복당 1두씩 체중과 산차에 따라 완전임의배치법으로 구배치 하였다. 실험처리구는 Hy-D®의 첨가수준(0, 0.05% 및 0.10%)에 따라 구분하였으며, 포유기에는 동일한 포유돈 사료를 급여하였다. 임신돈 사료 내 Hy-D®의 첨가는 임신돈의 체중 및 등지방에 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 포유기 체중, 사료섭취량 및 WEI 에 있어서도 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 Hy-D®를 0.10% 급여받은 모돈의 등지방 두께가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다 (P<0.01). 임신돈 사료 내 Hy-D®의 첨가는 모돈의 포유성적에 영향을 주지 않았지만, 복당자돈생시체중이 증가하였다 (linear, P=0.041). Hy-D®를 급여받은 모돈의 혈중 25(OH)D3 농도가 임신 35일령, 70일령 및 분만시에 유의적으로 높아졌다. 또한 모돈이 Hy-D®를 공급받았을 때 그 자돈의 생후 24시간 이내 혈중 25(OH)D3 농도가 유의적으로 높아지는 결과가 나타났다 (P=0.026). 이유 후 자돈의 성장성적에 있어서, 이유 5주령에 자돈의 체중이 Hy-D®를 공급한 처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 결과가 나타났다 (linear, P=0.041). 이러한 결과로 보았을 때 임신기 사료 내 0.1%의 Hy-D®첨가는 모돈의 복당자돈생시체중을 증가시켰으며, 모돈과 자돈의 혈중 25(OH)D3의 농도를 높여주어 이유 후 자돈의 성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Overall Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------1
• Contents------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
• List of Tables-------------------------------------------------------------------------9
• List of Figures-----------------------------------------------------------------------12
• List of Abbreviation---------------------------------------------------------------13
• Chapter I. General Introduction------------------------------------------------14
• Chapter II. Review of Literature------------------------------------------------16
• 1. Characteristics and metabolism of fat-soluble vitamin-----------------16
• 1.1 Vitamin A-----------------------------------------------------------------------18
• 1.1.1 Chemical structure and metabolism -----------------------------------18
• 1.1.2 Physiological action -------------------------------------------------------19
• 1.2 Vitamin D-----------------------------------------------------------------------20
• 1.2.1 Chemical structure and metabolism -----------------------------------20
• 1.2.2 Physiological action -------------------------------------------------------22
• 1.3 Vitamin E-----------------------------------------------------------------------23
• 1.3.1 Chemical structure and metabolism -----------------------------------23
• 1.3.2 Physiological action -------------------------------------------------------23
• 1.4 Vitamin K-----------------------------------------------------------------------24
• 1.4.1 Chemical structure and metabolism -----------------------------------24
• 1.4.2 Physiological action -------------------------------------------------------24
• 2. Requirements of vitamin------------------------------------------------------26
• 2.1 Requirements of fat-soluble vitamin--------------------------------------26
• 2.1.1 Vitamin A--------------------------------------------------------------------26
• 2.1.2 Vitamin D--------------------------------------------------------------------26
• 2.1.3 Vitamin E--------------------------------------------------------------------27
• 2.1.4 Vitamin K--------------------------------------------------------------------28
• 2.2 Vitamin requirement of gestating and lactating sows----------------29
• 2.3 Deficiency and toxicity of fat-soluble vitamin---------------------------31
• 2.3.1 Vitamin A--------------------------------------------------------------------31
• 2.3.2 Vitamin D--------------------------------------------------------------------31
• 2.3.3 Vitamin E--------------------------------------------------------------------32
• 2.3.4 Vitamin K--------------------------------------------------------------------32
• 2.4 Factors affecting vitamin requirements ----------------------------------33
• 2.4.1 Storage and feed processing --------------------------------------------33
• 2.4.2 Management and stress factors ----------------------------------------34
• 3. Effects of vitamin supplementation of sows------------------------------35
• 3.1 Sow reproductive performance--------------------------------------------35
• 3.2 Litter performance and postweaning growthe performance--------37
• 3.3 Concentration of vitamin in serum, colostrum and milk--------------39
• 4. Literature Cited -----------------------------------------------------------------42
• Chapter III. Effects of Dietary vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles and Reproductive Performance in Gestating Sows
• Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------57
• Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------59
• Materials and Methods -----------------------------------------------------------61
• Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
• Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------------------68
• Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------72
• References---------------------------------------------------------------------------73
• Chapter IV. Effects of Dietary vitamin Levels on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles and Reproductive Performance in Lactating Sows
• Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------87
• Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------89
• Materials and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------91
• Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------------95
• Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------96
• Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------99
• References--------------------------------------------------------------------------100
• Chapter V. Effect of Dietary Hy-D® in Diet of Gestating Sows on Physiological Responses, Blood Profiles, Reproductive Performance and Their Progeny Growth
• Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------111
• Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------113
• Materials and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------114
• Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------------119
• Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------121
• Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------124
• References--------------------------------------------------------------------------125
• Chapter VI. Overall Conclusion -------------------------------------------------136
• Chapter VII. Summary in Korean------------------------------------------------138