Innovation and market structure : lessons from the computer and semiconductor industries

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Figures and Tables = xi
• Acknowledgments = xiii
• Chapter 1 The Market Conditions for Innovation : Introduction = 1
• An Historic Debate = 2
• Theoretical Arguments = 5
• Empirical Studies = 8
• The Present Study = 9
• Objective = 9
• Size versus Age of Firm = 10
• The Selection of Industries = 11
• Defining and Evaluating Innovation = 12
• Method and Organization = 14
• Notes = 15
• Chapter 2 The Framework for Analysis = 17
• Barriers to Entry by Small, New Firms = 18
• Economies of Scale and Scope = 19
• Absolute Cost Barriers = 26
• Product Differentiation = 30
• The Incentive to Innovate = 31
• Growth, Technological Change, and New Markets = 37
• Notes = 38
• Chapter 3 Mainframe Computers : The First Two Decades = 43
• The Precommercial Era : Mid-1940s to Early 1950s = 44
• Landmark Innovations = 44
• The First Commercial Efforts = 46
• The Commercial Market Takes Shape = 50
• New Firms and Magnetic Drum Computers = 52
• Remington Rand and IBM = 53
• The Shape of the Market = 55
• New Enterprises : Successful Strategies for Innovation = 58
• Innovations and Innovators : Early 1950s to Mid-1960s = 62
• Market Analysis = 63
• Economies of Scale = 63
• Absolute Cost Barriers = 66
• Product Differentiation = 70
• The Role of Government = 74
• Summary = 80
• Notes = 80
• Chapter 4 Mainframes and the Computer Industry : 1965 and After = 85
• The Changing Market = 85
• IBM Compatibility = 87
• Plug-Compatible Peripherals = 87
• Plug-Compatible Mainframes = 91
• Minicomputers and Microcomputers = 94
• Mainframes = 96
• Market Analysis = 99
• Notes = 99
• Chapter 5 Minicomputers = 103
• Industry Overview = 103
• The Shaping of the Industry = 104
• Classes of Minicomputers = 106
• What Is a Minicomputer? = 107
• Minicomputer Companies = 108
• Innovations and Innovators = 110
• Market Analysis = 114
• Capital Requirements = 115
• Product Differentiation = 118
• Notes = 120
• Chapter 6 Computer Printers = 123
• History of Technology and Innovation = 124
• Impact Line Printers = 125
• Impact Serial Printers = 128
• Nonimpact Printers = 131
• Market Analysis = 133
• The Nonimpact Market = 134
• The High-Speed Impact Printer Market = 134
• The Medium and Low-Speed Printer Market = 135
• Notes = 139
• Chapter 7 Magnetic Disk Storage = 141
• The Evolution of Magnetic Disk Storage Devices = 141
• Innovations and Innovators = 147
• IBM = 147
• Manufacturers of Plug-Compatible Disk Drives = 150
• Manufacturers of Flexible Disk Drives = 150
• Manufacturers of Small Winchester Disk Drives = 153
• Market Analysis = 155
• IBM = 156
• Other Manufacturers of High-Capacity Disk Drives = 156
• Manufacturers of Small Disk Drives = 158
• Notes = 164
• Chapter 8 Integrated Circuits : History and Technology = 171
• The Semiconductor and Computer Industries Compared = 172
• The Technology = 174
• Development of the Semiconductor Industry = 176
• The Beginning = 176
• Classes of Semiconductor Companies = 177
• Innovations and Innovators = 186
• The First Decade = 187
• The Second Decade = 191
• The Memory Race of the 1970s = 194
• The Microprocessor = 196
• Summing Up = 197
• Appendix The Manufacturing Process for Integrated Circuits = 198
• Circuit Design and Mask Making = 198
• Fabrication = 198
• Testing and Assembly = 199
• Notes = 200
• Chapter 9 Integrated Circuits : Market Analysis = 205
• Absolute Cost Barriers = 206
• Access to Technology = 206
• Capital Requirements = 209
• Measures of Capital Intensity = 213
• Product Differentiation = 213
• The Role of Government = 214
• Procurement and R&D Support = 214
• Regulation = 217
• Where Were the Vacuum Tube Companies? = 217
• Notes = 219
• Chapter 10 The Market Conditions for Innovation by Small, New Firms : Conclusions = 223
• Avoiding and Overcoming Barriers to Innovation = 224
• Absolute Cost Barriers = 226
• Product Differentiation Barriers = 231
• The Effects of Industry Maturation = 233
• The Incentive to Innovate = 233
• First Mover Advantages = 235
• Other Contributing Factors = 239
• The Limited Competition from Established Firms = 240
• The Schumpeterian Hypothesis and Beyond = 241
• Notes = 244
• Index = 247
• About the Author = 263