Civil Law Article 342 stipulates, “The right of pledge can be also exerted on the money and the other things that the establisher of the right of pledge will receive due to the loss, the damage or the expropriation of the object of pledge”. Becaus...
Civil Law Article 342 stipulates, “The right of pledge can be also exerted on the money and the other things that the establisher of the right of pledge will receive due to the loss, the damage or the expropriation of the object of pledge”. Because the essential contents of the real right of security are to preferentially obtain the performance based on the exchange value of the object (Namely, Commonality.), it is natural that the right of security takes effect also on the representative object substituting for the value of the object. About the reason to concede the surrogation, the essence theory of surrogation and the contents of the theories& precedents, related to the reason why the attachment is needed, have a logical connection with the main agent of attachment, the time of attachment, the superiority or the inferiority comparing to the other creditors and etc., but it is not an inevitable thing, and the result in practical business is similar to that.
In the construction of Civil Law Article 342, the 1st sentence should be recognized as a protective rule for the right holder of surrogation, and the 2nd sentence, as a protective rule for the 3rd party debtor, therefore, the purpose of legislation of the 2 sentences should be separately recognized. In this process, the protection theory of the 3rd party debtor got settled as an influential construction-theory. The reason that the attachment is needed is, by basically securing a specific characteristic, for preventing that the legal relationship comes to be complicated, and is for protecting the 3rd party debtor from the risk of double repayment.
The mortgagee exerts the right of surrogation by seizing the object debenture of surrogation and receiving an assignment order, or by requesting the dividend till the ending time of requesting the dividend. The former naturally needs the attachment of the mortgagee, but the latter does not always need to seize it for himself(or herself), and so, in case of the latter, the demand only for dividend should be recognized as being enough.
In practical business, there are many cases that the mortgagee does not recognize the necessary to exert the right of surrogation, and by that the 3rd party debtor had conspired with the mortgagor, as they could fabricate the case as having repaid the debt in advance, in the construction of surrogation system, the protection of the right holder of surrogation should be considered as top priority criteria. Under this view, also when the right holder of surrogation uses the assignment order etc. by the method of applying the provisional attachment and by the legal document of execution, it should be conceded as an adequate range of attachment.
The mortgagee`s position based on the surrogation is the pledge on debenture having its own method of realizing it. Therefore, in case there was a repayment of the 3rd party debtor, the receiver is the one who obtained the benefit by means of the method infringing the allocation contents of the right of surrogation, and if no legal cause, there is a duty to return the unjust enrichment, and the mortgagee can request the return of the unjust enrichment against the mortgagor, the transferee and the assignment creditor who received the repayment, and also in case of the general creditor who received the dividend from the object debenture of surrogation, it is the same application. Because the attachment&provisional attachment etc. have no special rule such as a surrogation rule, to deny the characteristic of surrogation without conceding their right-ranking in land is to entirely deny the relative effect of provisional attachment.
For the theory of legislation, we need to refer to Germany Civil Law Article 1128. Germany Civil Law Article 1128 stipulates that, as a general rule, the 3rd party debtor should notify the mortgagee of the fact that the cause of surrogation occurred, and that, only when there is no objection of mortgagee within