International economics : theory and policy

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction = 3
• Interregional and International Economic Relations = 4
• Subject Matter = 5
• International Economics as a Course of Study = 8
• Plan of Attack = 10
• Development of the International Economy = 10
• Ⅰ. THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• 2 Some Basic Tools = 19
• Demand = 19
• Supply and Market Equilibrium = 23
• Indifference Analysis = 26
• Transformation Functions = 29
• Production Theory : The Isoquant-Isocost Approach = 32
• Two-Factor, Two-Product Analysis = 35
• 3 Introduction to Theory = 39
• Prices, Costs, and Trade = 39
• Demand = 42
• International and Interregional Trade = 43
• Importance = 45
• Absolute Advantage = 46
• Comparative Advantage = 47
• Gains from Trade = 53
• Terms of Trade = 56
• 4 Trade, Production, and Comparative Costs = 59
• Trade Under Increasing Opportunity Costs = 61
• Transportation Costs and Economic Distance = 65
• Location and Transportation = 70
• Commodity Orientation = 71
• Decreasing Opportunity Costs = 74
• Technological Change = 77
• Many Goods and Many Countries = 82
• 5 Factor Endowments, Demand, Equilibrium = 87
• Factor Endowments Approach = 87
• Trade and Factor Prices = 89
• Factor-Price Equalization? = 93
• Trade and the Distribution of Income = 95
• Community Indifference Curves = 97
• Demand and International Trade = 100
• Reciprocal Demand = 103
• Offer Analysis = 104
• General Equilibrium = 109
• 6 Extensions and Empirical Verification = 115
• Terms of Trade = 115
• Supply and Demand Shifts = 117
• Changing Factor Supplies : One Factor = 120
• Changing Factor Supplies : Two Factors = 122
• Reversal in Factor Intensities = 125
• Technological Change = 127
• Trade and Factor Supplies = 130
• Demand Patterns and International Trade = 131
• Empirical Testing = 134
• Ⅱ. THEORY OF COMMERCIAL POLICY
• 7 Tariffs = 141
• Trade and Income Distribution = 141
• Tariffs = 143
• Tariffs and Tariff Structures = 146
• Tariffs, Production, and Consumption = 148
• Tariffs and the Terms of Trade = 151
• The Optimum Tariff? = 156
• Tariffs and Economic Activity = 158
• Arguments for Tariffs = 159
• 8 Non-Tariff Restrictions and Trade Liberalization = 171
• Quotas = 172
• Terms-of-Trade Effects = 174
• Arguments for Quotas = 176
• Other Import Controls = 178
• Quantitative Export Controls = 181
• Trade Liberalization in Theory = 184
• Constrained Optima : The Theory of Second Best = 188
• Trade Liberalization in Practice = 190
• 9 Trade and Market Structure = 196
• Elements of Perfect Competition = 196
• Elements of Monopoly = 198
• International Cartels and Price Discrimination = 201
• Dumping = 204
• Commodity Agreements = 207
• Unilateral Export Control = 210
• State Trading = 212
• Subsidies = 215
• Ⅲ. INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE
• 10 Foreign Exchange = 221
• The Foreign-Exchange Market = 221
• The Exchange Rate = 223
• Arbitrage = 227
• Elements of Demand and Supply in Exchange Rate Determination = 228
• Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments = 232
• Forward Market = 235
• Interest Arbitrage = 238
• Credit and the Foreign-Exchange Market = 243
• Exchange Standards = 245
• Flexible Rates = 245
• Government Stabilization = 248
• The Gold Standard = 250
• Pegged Exchange Rates = 252
• Exchange Control = 253
• 11 Balance of Payments = 257
• Current Account = 258
• Capital Account = 260
• Unilateral Transfers Account = 262
• Official Reserves Account = 263
• Mechanics of Balance of Payments Accounting = 266
• Why a Balance of Payments? = 269
• Various Balances = 271
• Basic Balance = 272
• Liquidity Balance = 273
• Official Settlements Balance = 274
• Balance of Payments Data = 276
• Balance of International Indebtedness = 278
• 12 Balance of Payments Analysis = 283
• The Problem = 283
• Private Long-Term Capital = 285
• Private Short-Term Capital = 290
• Government Capital = 293
• Unilateral Transfers = 295
• Military Expenditures = 297
• Income Effects = 298
• Ⅳ. THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS
• 13 Economic Activity and the International Economy = 303
• Income Determination Reviewed = 303
• International Trade and Economic Activity = 309
• Propensity to Import = 309
• Import Elasticities = 311
• Foreign-Trade Multiplier, Case Ⅰ = 312
• Foreign-Trade Multiplier, Case Ⅱ = 314
• Assumptions and Implications = 316
• Trade, Income, and Foreign Repercussions = 317
• Foreign-Trade Multiplier, Case Ⅲ = 318
• Foreign-Trade Multipliers in Use = 322
• 14 Equilibrium Adjustment Systems = 325
• Income-Specie Flow Mechanism = 326
• Interest Effect = 327
• Income Effect = 329
• Price Effect = 331
• Summary of Effects = 332
• An Alternative View = 335
• The Price-Specie Flow Mechanism = 337
• The Gold Standard Before and After 1914 = 339
• Adjustment Under Flexible Exchange Rates = 340
• Price Effect and Stability Conditions = 341
• Interest Effect = 346
• Income Effect = 347
• Summary of Effects = 347
• 15 Internal and External Adjustments = 353
• The Bretton Woods System = 354
• Characteristics of a Disequilibrium System = 355
• Cyclical Disequilibrium = 358
• Structural Disequilibrium : Trade = 359
• Structural Disequilibrium : Capital Flows = 361
• Disequilibrium and the Price Level = 362
• Deflation - The Classical Medicine = 364
• Devaluation = 368
• The Absorption Approach to Devaluation = 370
• Devaluation and Capital Flows = 373
• Structural Change = 374
• 16 Exchange Control and Expenditure Switching = 377
• Exchange Control = 377
• Bilateral and Multilateral Clearing Arrangements = 380
• Multiple Exchange Rates = 382
• Private Compensation = 384
• Tariffs and Quotas = 386
• Other Restrictions = 390
• The Cost of Adjustment = 391
• 17 Maintaining Internal and External Balance Under Fixed Exchange Rates = 396
• Internal Balance = 396
• External Balance = 397
• Policy Conflicts = 398
• Policy Mix = 400
• Problem of Choice = 403
• Policy Response = 404
• Ⅴ. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
• 18 International Liquidity = 409
• International and Personal Reserves = 409
• Owned and Borrowed Reserves = 411
• International Liquidity = 412
• The Supply of Liquidity : Gold = 413
• The Supply of Liquidity : Foreign Currencies = 416
• The International Monetary Fund = 420
• International Monetary Co-operation = 425
• Economic Policy Coordination = 428
• Liquidity and Economic Development = 430
• Eurodollars = 431
• 19 Alternative Monetary Systems = 435
• Back to Gold = 436
• Eliminate Gold = 439
• Flexible Rates = 441
• Adapted Flexibility = 444
• Reserve Currency Extensions = 446
• Reserve Centralization = 449
• Composite Reserve Units = 454
• Special Drawing Rights = 456
• Ⅵ. GROWTH AND THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
• 20 Economic Growth = 463
• Labor = 464
• Tangible Capital = 468
• Natural Resources = 472
• The Character of the People = 473
• Technological Change = 476
• Growth and Policy = 478
• Economies of Scale = 480
• The Growth Process = 481
• 21 Development and Factor Transfers = 485
• Migration = 485
• Capital = 490
• Absorptive Capacity = 492
• Types of Development Capital Flows = 497
• Capacity to Service Foreign Debt = 502
• Technology = 505
• Entrepreneurship = 507
• 22 Trade and Growth = 510
• The Prebisch-Singer Thesis = 511
• Unstable Export Markets = 515
• Private and Social Costs and Returns = 516
• Accelerating Growth = 519
• Trade as an Agent of Growth = 522
• Commodity Agreements = 524
• Potential Contributions of Trade = 529
• Ⅶ. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
• 23 Tariffs and Trade = 535
• Nature of Economic Union = 535
• Theory of Customs Unions = 537
• Customs Union Versus Trade Liberalization = 541
• A Partial Equilibrium View = 542
• A General Equilibrium View = 545
• Size of Customs Unions = 547
• Distance Between Members = 549
• Economic Structure = 552
• Pre-Union Tariff Levels = 554
• Other Gains = 557
• 24 Integration, Factor Mobility, and Policy = 560
• Dynamics of Regional Free Trade = 561
• Scale Economies and Competition = 562
• Investment and Risk = 563
• Innovation and External Economies = 564
• Labor Mobility = 565
• Mobility of Capital = 568
• Freedom of Establishment = 570
• Taxation = 571
• Fiscal Policies = 574
• Monetary Policy = 576
• Monetary Integration = 577
• Economics and Politics = 578
• Integration Among Developing Economies = 580
• 25 A Case Study in Integration : The European Common Market = 585
• Background and Institutions = 586
• Treaty of Rome = 588
• Tariffs and Trade = 590
• Initial Impact = 594
• Factor Mobility = 599
• Competition and Transportation = 602
• Agricultural Policy = 603
• Taxation = 603
• Economic Policy = 605
• Name Index = 609
• Subject Index = 615