This study begins with a critical question concerning how special education teachers’ experiences of using educational technology (edtech), situated within the accelerating digital transformation of educational settings, bring about changes in their...
This study begins with a critical question concerning how special education teachers’ experiences of using educational technology (edtech), situated within the accelerating digital transformation of educational settings, bring about changes in their professional identity. Previous studies have shown that edtech use is recognized by special education teachers as more than a mere change in instructional tools; rather, it is perceived as having particular significance across their professional practice, offering possibilities to alleviate and overcome structural challenges in special education, such as learning transfer and individualized instruction. However, existing discussions have primarily adopted a dichotomous perspective that presents teachers’ perceptions of edtech in terms of positive aspects versus limitations and areas for improvement, focusing mainly on deriving institutional implications. Consequently, insufficient attention has been paid to how special education teachers recognize their expertise and reconstruct their professional identity through the process of using edtech. Although studies have explored special education teachers’ professional identity, research that examines the process through which professional identity changes as a result of edtech utilization remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the experiences that special education teachers undergo while using edtech and to examine how these experiences vary across personal, organizational, and contextual conditions. Furthermore, this study seeks to empirically analyze changes in professional identity that emerge during the process of edtech utilization, with a focus on the recognition of expertise, and to derive a theoretical model that explains these processes.
To inductively explore special education teachers’ experiences with edtech utilization, as well as the processes and contexts surrounding these experiences, this study applied the grounded theory approach developed by Strauss and Corbin. The participants were 14 special education teachers with more than five years of teaching experience and at least two years of experience using edtech. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in two rounds. Following the analytical procedures of grounded theory, the data were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. First, open coding was conducted to conceptualize participants’ voices, resulting in 129 concepts, 45 subcategories, and 17 categories. Second, through axial coding, the core phenomenon—‘edtech as an attempt to transform realistic instructional practices and structural·relational problems’—was identified. The core phenomenon encompassed 「realistic instructional approaches for individualized education」, 「bearing structural·relational problems alone」, 「expanded opportunities for edtech utilization and the extension of expertise」, and 「barriers to implementing edtech」. The causal conditions triggering the core phenomenon were identified as ‘the potential for edtech utilization emerging under constraints of individualized instruction and work environments,’ which included 「difficulties in individualized instruction and emotional frustration」, 「structural and relational problems within the work environment」, and 「the establishment of an edtech utilization environment」. The core phenomenon unfolded within the contextual condition of ‘the value of instruction and structural·relational constraints of the work environment,’ which included 「perceptions of the special education teacher’s role」 and 「the distinctive nature of relationships surrounding special education teachers」.
Within these causal and contextual conditions, participants employed various ‘action/interaction strategies’ to improve given problems and recognize their expertise. These strategies included 「instructional innovation through edtech utilization」, 「the scalability of edtech」, and 「demonstrating practices to parents and colleague teachers」. The intervening conditions influencing these action/interaction strategies comprised 「a personal disposition of being strict with oneself and lenient toward others」 and 「societal demands of the edtech era」, highlighting both personal and socio-contextual factors. Through this process, the ‘consequences’ reflecting the reconstruction of special education teachers’ professional identity were identified as 「internal changes through ‘discovering’」 and 「relational changes through ‘revealing’」. Internal changes associated with ‘discovering’ included transformations in instructional situations and teachers’ roles, enhanced understanding of students through careful observation of responsive classroom dynamics, strengthened expertise in individualized education, and the recognition of oneself as a professional growing alongside societal changes. In contrast, relational changes related to ‘revealing’ included recognition from colleagues, the restoration of a sense of belonging within the school, and stabilized relationships with parents through data-based communication.
The final outcome of the study was the ‘model of professional expertise recognition among special education teachers using edtech,’ derived through selective coding. This model explains experiences of professional expertise recognition along a single axis comprising internal recognition and relational recognition. It categorizes four differentiated types of expertise recognition experiences along pathways that progress from crisis experiences and initial coping to sustained edtech practice: ‘recognition of instructional change,’ ‘confirmation of self-growth,’ ‘improvement in parent relationships,’ and ‘experiences of peer recognition.’
Based on these findings, this study presents two major theoretical implications. First, it discusses special education teachers’ experiences of edtech utilization and the personal, organizational, and contextual conditions influencing these experiences. Rather than adopting a technological determinism perspective in which edtech replaces teachers’ instructional roles, this study emphasizes edtech utilization as a process through which special education teachers discover possibilities for transforming ongoing instructional, environmental, and relational challenges. In doing so, edtech utilization facilitates not merely the adoption of tools or instructional strategies but also reflective changes in instruction and self-concept, enabling teachers to ‘discover’ their expertise internally and strategically ‘reveal’ it within relational contexts, thereby contributing to the reconstruction of professional identity. Second, this study offers a theoretical model that explains four distinct types of expertise recognition experiences arising from edtech utilization. These include ‘recognition of instructional change,’ triggered by emotional frustration due to repeated instructional disruptions; ‘confirmation of self-growth,’ characterized by expanded edtech use across instructional and professional domains and recognition of oneself as an adaptive educational expert; ‘improvement in parent relationships,’ achieved through data-based communication and active sharing of instructional outcomes; and ‘experiences of peer recognition,’ in which special education teachers gain acknowledgment and restore a sense of belonging within general education–centered school cultures. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that edtech extends beyond changes in instructional tools or methods, enabling special education teachers to reconceptualize themselves and recognize their professional expertise within instructional and relational contexts.