네트워크 사회에서 IT 기업의 항의(voice) 전략 = 투명성 보고서(Transparency Report)의 정치를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 효율적인 항의 방법의 발견이 사회 발전의 조건이라는 허시만의 항의/탈퇴 명제를 적용하여 38개 IT 기업의 투명성 보고서(Transparency Report)의 등장과정, 내용의 특징을 분석한다. 또한 주로 정부의 개인정보요청 건수, 정부의 콘텐츠 삭제 요청 건수를 담고 있는 투명성 보고서가 네트워크사회에서의 약한 항의이자 수평적 항의로서의 특징을 갖고 있음을 분석한다.
2013년 후반부터 최근까지 1년반동안, 전세계 주요 IT 기업에서 발행하는 투명성 보고서는 정보 유통량 증대, 정부의 콘텐츠 규제, 감시사회 심화 환경에서 더욱 유행하게 되었는데, 첫째, 계량 통계 차원에서 투명성 보고서는 이용자의 개인정보에 대한 정부의 요청 건수를 핵심적으로 포함하고 있으며, 둘째, 비교통계 차원에서 미국 정부의 규제 경향이 매우 높게 나타나고 있다. 셋째, 제도차원에서는 국가 보안에 관련된 법 등이 IT 기업을 강하게 규제하는 근거로 활용되고 이에 대해 IT 기업은 이용자 보호를 명분으로 정부 요청을 받아들이지 않는다는 원칙을 강하게 밝히고 있고, 넷째, 콘텐츠 형식에 있어서는 원천 데이터 제공에만 머물고 있는 실정이다.
따라서, 투명성 보고서 항의 전략의 유용성과 실효성을 발전시키기 위해서는 명확한 전략 수립과 충실한 콘텐츠 확보, 연대와 제도화를 위한 노력, 시민사회중심의 역투명성 평가가 필요하다는 것을 대안으로 제시한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article makes an analysis on the background and features of the transparency reports issued by 38 IT corporations, with A. Hirschman’s ‘exit/voice’ theory one important thesis of which argues that an agent could utilize the ‘voice’ strategy as an effective means to make a positive feedback with its counterpart and to lead to a common good. The action issuing such a transparency report, containing such information as the number of the requests of governments for citizens’ private information or deletion of certain contents, etc., could be characterized as a passive and coordinative ‘voice’(claim) strategy against the governments in the network society.
For around one year since the late 2013, issuing the transparency reports by global big IT corporations has prevailed in the environment with such conditions as information flow soaring, government regulation of contents, and surveillance society. The main findings from the reports are as follows : first, as for the statistics, they all contain the number of the requests of each government for user private information ; second, as for the result of comparative analysis on the data, the pressure from U.S. government was notable ; third, as for the institutional surroundings, governments have been being exploited the codes regarding national security to regulate IT corporations’ services strictly, while the IT corporations refuse to follow the codes and defend their freedom from governments’ intervention in the name of user(consumer) protection ; last, as for the format, they all just provide raw data, which means they don’t express any kind of directions.
Consequently, so as to make more effective and reliable the strategy issuing the transparency report, this article presents as alternatives establishing clear strategies, obtaining substantial contents, trying for solidarity and institutionalization, and being evaluated by civil society the transparency of the corporation itself.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문초록
• Ⅰ. 문제제기
• Ⅱ. 항의 · 탈퇴 명제와 투명성 보고서
• Ⅲ. 글로벌 IT 기업의 투명성 보고서 현황
• Ⅳ. 한국 정부의 규제와 투명성 보고서
• Ⅴ. 결론 : 투명성 보고서 항의 전략의 유용성과 실효성을 위한 과제
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Kelly, Meghan, "Why the transparency report is necessary in the fight for privacy"

2 EFF, "Who has your back 2014 : Protecting your data from government requests" 2014

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4 EFF, "When the government comes knocking, who has your back 2012" 2012

5 Budish, Ryan, "What transparency report don't tell us" The Atlantic 2013

6 Carmen, Ashley, "Transparency reports useful, but more info needed on ‘digital searches’" 2014

7 Dropbox, "Transparency Report"

8 CyberGhost, "Transparency Report"

9 Credomobile, "Transparency Report"

10 Comcast, "Transparency Report"

11 Cloudflare, "Transparency Report"

12 AT & T, "Transparency Report"

13 AOL, "Transparency Report"

14 Lookout, "Transparency Report"

15 Wordpress, "Transparency Report"

16 Wikimedia, "Transparency Report"

17 Wickr, "Transparency Report"

18 Verizon, "Transparency Report"

19 Twitter, "Transparency Report"

20 Tumblr, "Transparency Report"

21 "Transparency Report"

22 TimeWanerCable, "Transparency Report"

23 Telstra, "Transparency Report"

24 TeliaSonera, "Transparency Report"

25 Teksavvy, "Transparency Report"

26 SpiderOak, "Transparency Report"

27 Sonic.net, "Transparency Report"

28 Evernote, "Transparency Report"

29 Google, "Transparency Report"

30 LinkedIn, "Transparency Report"

31 Yahoo, "Transparency Report"

32 Mapbox, "Transparency Report"

33 Pinterest, "Transparency Report"

34 Posteo, "Transparency Report"

35 Rogers Communication, "Transparency Report"

36 SaskTel, "Transparency Report"

37 Silent Circle, "Transparency Report"

38 Dowding, Keith, "Thanos Mergoupis & Mark Van Vugt, Exit, voice and loyalty : Analytic and empirical developments" 37 : 469-495, 2014

39 Hill, Kashmir, "Thanks, Snowden! Now All The Major Tech Companies Reveal How Often They Give Data To Government"

40 Deutsche Telekom, "Status Report on Data Privacy"

41 Apple, "Report on Government Information Requests"

42 Lipset, Seymour M., "Party Systems and Voter Alignments" Free Press 1967

43 Leaseweb, "Law Enforcement Transparency Report"

44 Microsoft, "Law Enforcement Requests Report"

45 Vodafone, "Law Enforcement Disclosure Report"

46 Facebook, "Global Government Request Report"

47 Hirschman, Albert O., "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty : Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States" Harvard University Press 1970

48 Norris, Pippa, "Electoral Engineering : Voting Rules and Political Behavior" Cambridge University Press 2004

49 Wolf, Christopher, "An analysis of service provider transparency reports on government requests for data, A Hogan Lovells White Paper"

50 "AOL․Apple․Dropbox․Evernote․Facebook․Google․Linkedin․Microsoft․Twitter․Yahoo!, Reform Government Surveillance"

51 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "2013 Transparency Report" 2014