학교와 극장의 사회화- 미국 진보시대 인보관 운동과 컬럼비아 대학을 중심으로 = Extension Education, Educational Film and Film Education - A Study of the Settlement Movement and Columbia University in the Progressive Era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the settlement movement as the historical origin of the combination of three items: educational films, film education, and Americanization. The subjects of the study are Toynbee Hall, the Educational Alliance, the People’s Institute, and Columbia University. The influence of the settlement movement on education and educational films was enormous. Public schools became not only a place to impart knowledge to students but also community centers that provided essential activities for the welfare of community members, with the subject of education expanded by making it available to adults as well. Also promoted was the establishment of a college of education. Facilities such as kindergartens, playgrounds, libraries, museums, art galleries, gymnasiums, and public baths were installed, and free meals, school sanitation and health considerations, and clubs for leisure activities were institutionally established within public education. Along with the visual education movement, schools have become places that provide opportunities to experience various visual forms of media, including movies. The National Board of Censorship, established in collaboration with social service workers and the film industry, reversed the negativity of the social cognition of cinema. The theater environment was improved, the American film style was formed, and the production of culturally uplifting films was promoted. In terms of production and viewing, specialized film education programs have emerged, and films have become an art that must be taught systematically and professionally, becoming cultural artifacts that can be viewed repeatedly and discussed with others, like classical literature. In the progressive era, the complex of the settlement movement, universities, and the film industry made schools and film theaters effective means by which to resolve the issues of the Americanization of immigrants.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 교육영화, 영화교육, 미국화라는 세 개의 핵심어가 결합하게 되었던 역사적 기원으로 인보관 운동을 고찰한다. 이를 위해 토인비 홀, 교육연합, 민중대학, 컬럼비아 대학을 연구의 대상으로 한다. 인보관 운동이 교육과 영화에 미친 영향은 지대했다. 공립학교가 학생에게 지식을 전달하는 장소만이 아니라 공동체 구성원들의 복지를 위해 필수적인 활동들을 제공하는 커뮤니티센터가 되도록 하고 평생교육을 통해 교육의 대상을 확대했다. 또한 교육대학의 설립을 촉진했다. 유치원, 놀이터, 도서관, 박물관, 미술관, 체육관, 목욕탕과 같은 시설이 설치되었고, 무료급식, 학교 위생과 보건, 여가 활동을 위한 클럽 등이 공교육 안에서 제도적으로 정착했다. 시각교육운동의 확산과 함께, 학교는 극장 이외에도 영화를 포함한 다양한 시각매체의 경험을 제공해주는 장소가 되었다. 인보관과 영화산업계가 협력하여 만들어진 영화검열위원회는 영화에 덧붙여진 부정적인 사회 인식을 뒤바꿨다. 극장 환경이 개선되었고, 미국적인 영화 문법을 만들었고, 질 높은 영화의 제작을 촉진했다. 제작과 관람의 측면에서 전문화된 영화교육 프로그램이 등장했고, 영화가 체계적이고 전문적으로 가르쳐야 하는 예술이 되었고, 고전문학처럼 반복해서 보고 함께 토론하는 교양이 되었다. 미국 진보시대에 인보관, 대학, 영화산업의 효과적인 결합은 교육과 학교, 영화와 극장을 이민자의 미국화라는 당대의 과제를 효과적으로 해결하는 수단으로 만들었다.

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