Introduction to communication research

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO THE FIELD
• 1 The Role of Research in Communication = 2
• What Is Research in Communication? = 3
• Research = 3
• Communication Research = 3
• The Challenges of Communication Research = 5
• The Challenge of Breadth = 5
• The Multiple Methods Challenge = 5
• The Scholarly Rigor Challenge = 10
• The Personal Challenge = 11
• The Ethical Challenge = 12
• The Structure of the Field Challenge = 13
• 2 Communication Problem Statements and Hypotheses = 21
• Qualities of Problem Statements = 21
• Useful Problem Statements = 22
• Criteria for Sound Problem Statements = 23
• Using Hypotheses = 26
• Using Hypotheses to Test Explanations = 28
• Requirements of Hypotheses = 29
• Constructing Sound Hypotheses = 31
• Types of Hypotheses in Quantitative Studies = 32
• Identifying Variables in Hypotheses and Problems = 34
• Isolating Variables in Hypotheses = 34
• Independent Variables = 34
• Dependent Variables = 35
• SECTION II UNDERSTANDING RUDIMENTS OF RESEARCH REASONING
• 3 Using Communication Research Sources = 40
• Approaching Research Materials = 40
• The Why: Research Uses Past Work to Develop Arguments = 41
• The What: Purposeful Library Research―Information to Get = 41
• The When: Guiding Yourself with the Research Outline = 46
• The How: Managing Research Materials = 47
• Techniques for Bibliographic Research = 47
• Library Research Strategies = 49
• The Where: Key Library Tools = 53
• Hierarchical Systems for Books and Collections = 53
• Keyword―Based Systems = 54
• Using the Library = 63
• Conducting the Library Session = 63
• Troubleshooting in the Library = 65
• 4 Composing Communication Research = 68
• Construction of the Articles You Will Read and Review = 69
• Title = 69
• Abstract = 69
• Introduction and Context of the Problem = 69
• Statement of the Problem = 70
• Review of Literature = 70
• Rationale for Hypotheses = 71
• Method = 74
• Results = 76
• Discussion = 76
• Conclusion = 76
• References = 76
• Writing Scholarship = 82
• Using Proper Formats and Subdivisions = 82
• Style = 82
• Writing Classroom Reports = 84
• Strategies for a Definitional Criticism Paper = 84
• Strategies for the Literature Review = 85
• Research Prospectus = 87
• 5 The Communication Research Argument: Evidence and Reasoning = 91
• Evaluating Research Evidence and Information = 91
• Factual Information = 92
• Opinions = 96
• Evaluating Research Arguments = 99
• Finding Research Arguments = 99
• Patterns of Argument in Each Section = 101
• 6 Conceptualizations in Communication Research = 110
• Developing Theoretic Conceptualizations in Communication = 110
• Is Communication "Scientific" Enough to Have Theories? = 111
• Anatomy of Theories = 114
• Functions of Theory = 117
• Applications of Theory = 118
• Developing Definitions for Concepts = 120
• Using Conceptual Definitions = 121
• Using Operational Definitions = 125
• SECTION III DESIGN OF RESEARCH
• 7 Conducting Textual Analyses = 134
• Analysis of Message Qualities = 134
• Qualitative Analysis = 135
• Neo-Aristotelian Criticism = 135
• Burke's Dramatistic Criticism Method = 136
• The Never-Ending Development of Critical Methods = 139
• Quantitative Analysis = 140
• Content Analysis = 140
• Interaction and Relational Analyses = 145
• 8 Participant Observation and Naturalistic Research = 153
• Role of Participant Observation Studies in Communication Research = 154
• Purposes of Participant Observation Methods = 154
• Suitability of Participant Observation Methods to Research Questions = 155
• Forms of Participant Observation Studies = 157
• The Position of the Observer = 157
• Ethnography = 160
• The Fluid Process of Participant Observation Study = 161
• Steps in Participant Observation = 162
• Limitations of the Approach = 165
• 9 Descriptive Empirical Research = 167
• Invitations to Empirical Research = 167
• Designing Survey Research = 168
• The Questionnaire Survey = 169
• The Interview Survey = 180
• Network Analysis = 183
• 10 Experimental Research = 189
• The Notion of an Experiment = 190
• The Concept of Control = 190
• Questions and Hypotheses in Experimental Designs = 194
• Experimental Validity and Invalidity = 195
• Internal Invalidity = 195
• External Invalidity = 195
• Specific Experimental Designs = 196
• Notation for Experimental Designs = 197
• Pre-experimental Designs = 199
• True Experimental Designs = 199
• Factorial Designs = 200
• Elements of Good Experiments = 205
• The Maxmincon Principle = 205
• The Pilot Test = 207
• Manipulation Checks = 207
• Care in Interpretation = 207
• 11 Sampling = 211
• The Role of Sampling in Quantitative Research = 211
• Relating Sampling to Other Concepts = 212
• Defining the Population = 213
• Eliminating Bias = 213
• Essentials of Sampling = 213
• Representative Sampling: The Goal of Effective Sampling = 213
• Sample Size = 214
• Statistical Effects of Small Samples = 217
• Forms of Sampling = 217
• Random Sampling = 219
• Nonrandom Sampling = 223
• Dealing with Sampling Problems = 228
• Subject Refusal to Participate = 228
• Evidence of Randomization in Research Articles = 229
• 12 Measurement in Communication Research = 231
• The Role of Sound Measurement = 231
• Measurement as a Foundation for Research = 232
• Lewis of Measurement = 232
• Operational Definitions and Measures = 233
• The Requirement of Reliability = 233
• The Requirement of Validity = 240
• Popular Tools of Measurement = 242
• Methods to Measure Judgments = 242
• Methods to Measure Achievement The Role = 246
• SECTION IV STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
• 13 Descriptive Statistics = 252
• Statistics in Communication Research = 252
• Measures of Central Tendency = 253
• Measures of Variability or Dispersion = 254
• Distributions = 258
• Non-normal and Skewed Distributions = 258
• Standard Normal Distribution = 259
• Measures of Association = 265
• Interpreting Correlations = 265
• Forms of Correlations = 268
• 14 Introductory Inferential Statistics I: Hypothesis Testing with Two Means = 276
• Using Probability Distributions to Play the Odds = 276
• Statistics of Probability and Inference = 277
• Using Probability Distributions = 277
• Reasoning with Statistical Hypothesis Testing = 279
• Determining Statistical Hypotheses = 279
• Decision Making When Testing Statistical Hypotheses = 280
• Examining Statistical Hypotheses = 284
• Comparisons of Two Means: The t Test = 287
• Forms of the t Test = 288
• Determining Effect Sizes = 292
• 15 Inferential Statistics II: Beyond Two Means = 296
• Selecting Appropriate Statistical Tests = 296
• Comparisons of More than Two Means: Analysis of Variance = 298
• One-Way Analysis of Variance = 299
• What to Do after Finding Statistical Significance = 302
• Factorial Analysis of Variance = 308
• Basic Nonparametric Testing = 313
• The Nature of Nonparametric Tests: The Randomization Assumption = 313
• Tests for Nominal Level Dependent Variables = 315
• APPENDIX A: Areas under the Standard Normal Curve = 322
• APPENDIX B: Critical Values of t = 323
• APPENDIX C: Critical Values of F = 324
• APPENDIX D: Critical Values of Chi Square = 325
• Glossary = 326
• Works Cited = 340
• Name Index = 349
• Subject Index = 353