嶺南地域 土器가마에 對한 一考察 = Study the pottere kiln in Kyoungsang province

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Study the Pottere Kiln in Kyoungsang Province


Lee, Ji Kyoon

Department of Cultural Resources Studies
Graduate School, Gyeongju University

(Supervised by Professor Kim, Chang Ho)



(Abstract)
The kiln refers to the structure where various earthen ware, pottery, china, and tiles were put and plastic-deformed. For the earthenware kiln of Korea Peninsula, most scholars agree on the general opinion that the system and skill from China went though Liaodong and the Northwest Province of Korea Peninsula, and spread over the South of Korea Peninsula to come in, but there are various opinions presented on the detailed development direction.
The oldest kiln found in Koreais a kiln site, Daesung-dong, Kimhae, corresponding to the Iron Age, but the structure of the earthenware kiln historic site remains poor.
In the Bakje Dynasty Area, there is the kiln of community remains in Daegok-ri, Sungjoo-gun, ChonnamProvince in the similar era to the kiln in Samyong-ri and Sansu-ri, Jincheon, and the kiln of Ungok-ri historic site of Gochang and Sinyong-ri historic site in the even later era.
The Ungok-ri kiln has a plane shape close to a circle, and the bottom of a kine is a perfect plane with a unique structure where a ditch was dug around it.
Meanwhile, the kiln of Shinyong-ri is a more developed shape than Sansu-ri’s
The kiln in Yocho-ri of Changryung is typical in Gaya area. The kiln in Yocho-ri historic site of Changryung in the late of 4th century is same as the one in Sansu-ri in its basic shape, but it’s more refined and advanced shape considering that the a combustion chamber and a plastic-working chamber lie on the same level.
In the Shilla Dynasty area, the kiln in Songok-dong Historic site of Kyungju, the kiln in Uksoo-dong of Daegu and the kiln in Oksan-dong Historic site are the examples. The kiln in Songok-dong Historic site of Kyungju has an almost similar shape to that of Shinyong-ri Historic site. Each earthenware kilnbelonging to the similarera in Shilla and Bakje Area is watched in its likeness of shape.
Anyhow, these kilns include in the same circuit in respect that the basic type is a long oval kiln along with the kiln of Sansu-ri and Yeocho-ri.
The kilnsof the era of Unified Shilla are known in Mangseong-ri, Whasan-ri, Duksan-ri in Kyungju, Dugu-dong in Busan, Boryung Jinjuk-ri in Chunnam, and Youngam Gurim-ri in Chunnam. Of these, the excavated kilns of Jinjuk-ri Historic site in Boreong and Gurim-ri Historic site in Youngam don’t have any difference in its structure comparing with the kilns of the era of the Three States.
The earthenware kiln, as archaeology materials, is a record which the ideological, platonic element were relatively ruled out, that is , the archaeology record that technical element served strongly. The most important thing is the efficiency and convenience. They must have been developed for the purpose of manufacturing the products in good quality, and the structural development, i.e., the change in kiln structure has a meaning to figure out the technique history of ancient manufacturing. This is the study from the other element on the earthenware kiln which bears an absolute statue in archeology researches, and it is thought to more stably support the relative ages.
The objectera of an earthenware kiln was set from the Age of Three States to the Unified Shilla Era. That’s why most of excavation materials came from this era and the completion of a earthen kiln has been made since the Unified Shilla Era.
In Chapter Ⅱthe study has looked over the remains examined in Kyongsang Province since making a property grid and had a thorough grasp of the data for an individual Hamate, and in Chapter Ⅲ,the location and the structural feature of a kiln were explained and then for Chapter Ⅳ, it divided the forms to set the step by classifying into a few properties the earthenware kiln in each historical site. The problems on the earthenware kiln till now were mentioned and the characteristics of the earthenware kiln in Kyungsang Province were described in Chapter Ⅴ, where the location of plastic-working can be divided into a basement type, a semi-basement type and a ground type, and the basement type existed from the 4th century to the 5th century, but hasn’t appear since the 6th century. On the other hand, the semi-basement type remained during the whole era of Shilla, which means the semi-basement type of its roof exposed to ground and the basement type of its roof located in the basement remained till the 5th century, but as the basement type short of efficiency and convenience doesn’t fit for a mass production system, it seems to have faded away.
The inclination shape can be classified into the type, sharply inclined at a straight line, namely a beeline, and the stair type. And for the type I, the representative one during the early era of Shilla stands good, and type ⅱ is found only in earthenware kiln of Yocho-ri in Changryung, a historical site from the 4th century and the 5 century and Woogu-ri in Haman and it has not been discovered since then. The kiln of type ⅲ was confirmed in the kiln C-Ⅰ-3 of a horserace and in the Kimchun Daesungri 2, and it shows that the stair type ⅲ has appeared at least since the 7th century.
For the position of the combustion part, in Kyungsang Province, a parallel combustion part is seen, and exceptionally the kiln of a historical site in Maweolri of Sungju. There are the kilns with a vertical combustion part in the Honam and Hoseo District. The red –stoned kiln in a fire hole is seen in the kiln No.1 of the remains in the first term in Wahsanri Area Ⅰ, in the kiln No.10 of the 2nd term of the area Ⅱ and in the No. 3, 4 of the remains of the term 4th in Kimchun Daesung-ri. This means that it is difficult to understand the relation of the first and the last accordingto the existence of a red stone in a fire hole, and it is arguable to review this if the detailed study proceeds.
Considering all the factors, the kiln of the first term was used for 4 ~ 5 th century, manufacturing the so - called earthenware of Kimhae, Busan and Haman Type. And the produced remains were used for an underground receptacle of a coffin with a red stone, for the interment of belongings with a corpse of an underground receptacle of a coffin or for the palace. The feature of the kiln lies in the mixed- construction with the basement type and the semi-basement type, and the inclination shape in a plastic- fired part can be seen in the kilns in the remains A of Changnyung Yeocho-ri and the Woogeo-ri Remains in case of type ⅱ, and in the East and in the West of Kyungsang Province, the type ⅰhas the inclination of a straight line type. And the distribution of a kiln shows the case of the make-up independently and the grouping of 2~4 kilns on a small scale.
The kiln of the second term was used in the 5th century and made the earthenware in Shilla Style, and the characteristics of the kiln structure remains in a basement type partially but most of them were constructed in a semi-basement type, and as the earthenware platform is being excavated, it can be said the mass production system is fitted out comparing to the first term in some degree.
Most kilns of the third term were examined around Sonkogdong, the Mulcholro Historical Site, Uksoodong of Dagu and Oksandong Historical Site of Kyungsan, and the remains on a small scale were investigatedin the South of Kyungsang Province. The period of its operation is in concord with the mid of 6 ~ 7th century, manufacturing various kinds of remains in bulk. Especially, in the dwelling remains inside the king’s palace in Shilla, the remains of the Mulcholro Historical Site of Sonkogdong are frequently excavated so this can prove that the operation in a kiln was carried out by a state-run.
In the distribution of a kiln, several tens of kilns congregate and the kiln with a red stone of a fire hole was confirmed around this era. The structural feature of a kiln is all sami-basement type and the inclination shape is a straight line, and in a racecourse C-Ⅰ-3, the kiln since the 7th century the plastic-working part appears.
The kiln of 4th kiln was used for 9 ~ 10th century, making the earthenware for the era of the late of Shilla and the early of Goryeo.
The characteristics of a kiln structure was build all in semi-basement type and for the inclination shape coexist in both a straight line and a stair type.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머 리 말 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 1
• Ⅱ . 유적의 분포와 검토․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 6
• Ⅲ. 토기가마의 입지와 구조적 특징 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 22
• 1. 입지 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 22
• 2. 구조적 특징 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 22
• Ⅳ. 토기가마의 형식분류 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 27
• Ⅴ. 토가가마의 단계설정․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 34
• Ⅵ. 맺 음 말 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 43
• 참고문헌 ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 47
• Abstract ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
• 50