세계에 비춰 본 유럽 : 아메리카노의 독립투쟁과 에스파냐 자유주의의 변화, 1808~1823 = Europe in the Context of World : Americanos` Struggle for Independence and the Vicissitudes of Spanish Liberals, 1808~1823

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article attempts to examine the Spanish response to the dissolution of Spain`s empire in the Americas and the influence of Latin American independent movements on Spain`s political shift during the period of 1808~1823. It also pays to be attentive to some aspects of transatlantic interrelation by focusing on to what extent political ups and downs in the Iberian peninsular shaped by Americanos` struggle for self-government and independence. From the late 18th century to the early 19th century, the Spanish Atlantic Empire was embroiled in intense battles for independence and liberal revolution. Meanwhile, Spain`s response to independent movements of its American colonies was determined by a single and consistent policy: uncompromising disapproval of independence. The Constitution of 1812, albeit applauded as a hallmark of Spanish liberalism, demonstrated the moral dilemma and contradictory move of Spanish liberals who decided to deprive African descendants , blacks and castes, of their suffrage. In other words, the Constitution of 1812 itself was discriminatory toward Americanos and their demands for equal representation in the Cortes. Furthermore, the restoration of Fernando VII to the throne in May 1814 led to a complete reappraisal of colonial policies and preparation for the military reconquest of American colonies, some of whom pursued independence. In January 1820, sedition spread among the junior officers of expeditionary forces led by Major Rafael del Riego who fostered ideals of restoring the liberal 1812 constitution and firmly believed that its implementation was the last chance to save the empire. However, the Constitutional triennium , 1820~1823, had to give a way to the second restoration in a state of political division among the liberals. Spanish political process from the first restoration in 1814 to the second one in 1823 was full of dramatic turnabouts and conversion that could compare to the French revolutionary decade. The rapid and violent political oscillation in Spain during the period impeded the possibilities of its recovery of former colonies slipping away in America. The political ups and downs in the Iberian peninsular were closely linked to the process of Americanos` struggle for independence. Indeed, the revolutions in America contributed towards, if not directly produced, a series of crises in the Spanish ancient regime and the breakdown of the Spanish empire by providing the motive power for the Spanish liberal reform.

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