The boundary of mathematics including pure and mixed mathematics was very wide until early nineteenth century. But there were some gradual changes in the boundary during the nineteenth century. In the course, pure mathematics which was considered as t...
The boundary of mathematics including pure and mixed mathematics was very wide until early nineteenth century. But there were some gradual changes in the boundary during the nineteenth century. In the course, pure mathematics which was considered as the preparatory field for mixed mathematics or natural philosophy grew as the independent professional discipline through the mid and late nineteenth century.
This dissertation traces the development of pure mathematics in England through the education and research by Augustus De Morgan(1806-1871) in University College, London (UCL). For such, this study examines De Morgan's mathematics curriculum and compares it with the other mathematics professors' curriculums of various institutions. And then this paper raises a question of why his curriculum was organized unusually with only pure mathematics.
This study finds the answer in the wage system for professors, the educational backgrounds and interests of students, and the situation of mathematics and natural philosophy in UCL when De Morgan's mathematical interest and ability and UCL's intention could not explain about the construction of his curriculum. UCL Committee determined wages of UCL professors in proportion to the fees of students who were young and had a low-level of mathematical knowledge. In this situation, Dionysius Lardner(1793-1859), the first 'Natural Philosophy and Astronomy' professor, preoccupied the wide areas of mixed mathematics in his curriculum under the support of UCL committee before appointment of mathematics professor. Afterward, De Morgan's teaching areas were naturally decreased when the young De Morgan was appointed too late as mathematics professor in UCL.
The case of King's College, London also supports the arguments about curriculum-making in UCL because the curriculum of Henry Moseley(1801-1872), the first natural philosophy professor, was reduced when Thomas G. Hall(1803-1845), the first mathematics professor, taught the wide areas of mathematics including mixed mathematics with King's College committee's support. As a result, this shows that boundaries and curriculums were not always constructed automatically by the generally accepted academic boundary. De Morgan’s case suggests that the curriculums can be constituted by the accidental, systematic, or adjacent area related factors.
And then this dissertation examines whether mathematics curriculum could be changed in a relation with natural philosophy professor or not. The various materials about Lardner reveal that he had difficulty in maintaining a sufficient wage although he preoccupied the mixed mathematics parts. In the situation which experimental science enjoyed popularity and difficult mathematics roused antipathy in the nineteenth century, UCL students didn't attend mathematical natural philosophy classes by Lardner. After that, Lardner began to prepare and concentrate on the popular experimental lectures, but it made UCL students regard mathematical science as more difficult and unnecessary. Contrary to this, De Morgan felt very tired teaching classes with overflowing students. Then he had no choice but to adjust his curriculum not to overlap Lardner's mixed mathematics fields.
The effects of Lardner's experimental natural philosophy and De Morgan's pure mathematics were not confined in De Morgan's classroom. On the negative condition of mathematics, he began to pay deep attention to the proper method for teaching mathematics to UCL students and to find the meaning and usefulness of mathematics education in UCL. These efforts led him to realize the importance of logical reasoning in learning mathematics. And arguments over the merits of geometrical and algebraic methods and dispute between William Whewell and William Hamilton made him reconsider about the meaning of algebraic symbols and the appropriate tool for logical training. When the first 'Logic and Philosophy of Mind' professor, John Hoppus(1789-1875) could not cultivate the logical ability of reasoning properly. De Morgan began to train his students to get the proper ability of logical reasoning. And his interest in the logical training and pure mathematics teaching led De Morgan to research a new area of pure mathematics like formal logic and relational logic. Later, he was remembered as ‘Pure Mathematics’ professor by his students. And some of his students established the first professional society for mathematics, London Mathematics Society which was centered on pure mathematics. Then, the boundary between mathematics and logic came to be also changed slowly.
As a result, this dissertation contributes on the historical understanding about why De Morgan's disciples thought London Mathematics Society was necessary, why the research of London Mathematics Society centered around pure mathematics, why De Morgan was remembered as the great mathematics teacher, and why and how De Morgan’s new logic was developed. In conclusion, these reveal some aspects of the development of pure mathematics in the nineteenth century England.
Finally, this study suggests that for the better understanding of the intellectual activities by the certain mathematicians, it is necessary to examine the institutional and interdisciplinary contexts surrounding the mathematician besides mathematical matters.