This thesis deals with the theory of almsgiving, the theory of moral discipline, and the theory of birth in heavens as things to be practiced which could be mentioned as the most important element of practice in the early Buddhist lay life and as Budd...
This thesis deals with the theory of almsgiving, the theory of moral discipline, and the theory of birth in heavens as things to be practiced which could be mentioned as the most important element of practice in the early Buddhist lay life and as Buddhists. These three things developed into the rite of heaven in Buddhist ceremonies through the six Perfections(paramitas) of Mahayana Buddhism. Among Buddhist ceremonies, the ceremony to guide the spirits of ancestor to the Pure Land includes various procedures and ideas. In particular, the ideas of giving, offering, reception of precepts, and rebirth in paradise originate from these three theories in early Buddhism, and It was identified that it was due to the perfection of generosity and moral discipline and the meritorious deeds by the bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism for the salvation of living beings and the incense to the Buddha's land.
From the contents of this thesis II., it was found that early Buddhist donations had a relationship between the giver, the receiver, and the gift, and that the receiver had to be qualified as well. It was revealed that the viewing was related to several manufacturing methods. The merit of giving was the result of happiness in life and birth in a heaven after death. We could also get a glimpse of the difference between results of gifts. Lay people kept the five precepts and the eight precepts and did good deeds, and their merits were directly related to buddhist practices. So riches, fame, fearlessness, a peaceful death, and rebirth in a good place after death. The result seen in the theory of birth in a heaven is born with ten good deeds or faith to be born there.
In III., In Mahayana Buddhism, there were material gifts and gifts of teaching and gifts cause to removing fear and 7 gifts to give someone without goods. There are jewels, slaves, and people as a offering in addition to the Six Dharma-Offering. The purpose of giving was to obtain meritorious results, achieve performance, and ultimately seek isdom or attain enlightenment. The precepts of ten wholesome ehavior were kept by lay people, and the lay Bodhisattva kept the sixth and twenty-eightfold precepts, and possessed the practical virtues of the paramita. The result is accompanied by the happiness of the present life and the joy of heaven and enlightenment after death. The conditions for birth in a heaven were due to good karma, practice of precepts, generosity, and practice of mind.
In IV., In Buddhist Canons related to Buddhist rituals, there are various offerings such as six Buddhist offerings. In addition, the fferings extended not only to Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, but also to he protective gods and Agents. Giving is an essential element of the ritual for the deceased, and Buddhist rituals could be conducted on the premise of material donation. As a result, it was possible to form the physical foundation of the ceremony of offerings, to return to the world, to generate infinite merit, to realize the Buddhist truth and to communicate with the spiritual family, to rebirth in the Pure Land, to rebirth in the Pure Land, and to obtain meritorious return.
In addition, it was found that the good deeds of the deceased had an effect on the achievements of the deceased.
In Ⅴ., the early Buddhism's almsgiving, observing the precepts, and virtuous acts for the rebirth in the Pure Land were developed as the alms-giving, perfection of moral discipline of Mahayana Buddhism, relief of sentient beings, and meritorious acts to lead to the Buddha's land. The rebirth of the Pure Land was carried out through consecration and prayers. The procedure of the rite of transfer to the capital was somewhat different in each Buddhist rite book. Buddhist rites play a mediating role in healing the pain of real life by including rituals by material things and teaching, and the idea of improving oneself and bringing benefit to others. The rite of transfer to the capital clearly shows that it is possible to achieve a new hope for sentient beings and that it can be transferred to the guardianship of Buddha or Bodhisattva through the relationship with the Buddhist land and the idea of s alvation.
If these meanings are understood and used well in modern times, the scope of Buddhist rituals will be expanded and communication with believers will be smooth.