17세기 후반 산릉역의 승군 부역노동 = The Compulsory Labor of Buddhist Monk Laborers for Construction of Royal Tombs in the Latter Period of 17th Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Many a Buddhist monk laborer was placed under requisition for construction of royal tombs in the latter period of 17th century. In 1680, for a construction project of a tomb of late Queen Ingyeong, 3,600 Buddhist monks were requisitioned, the biggest recorded number of the monks ever requisitioned. Examining the actual conditions about the compulsory labor of Buddhist monk laborers of 17th century, we can get more information of history of the compulsory labor in Joseon Dynasty.
Generally in 17th century, the Buddhist monk laborers of sanneungyeok, labor requisition for construction of royal tombs, were in service for a month. Sometimes government officials decided extra-time work exceeding 30 days schedule, but they often met the resistance of the monks. It was not easy to make an additional order, especially in the latter period of 17th century.
The Buddhist monk laborers of sanneungyeok carried cotton cloth which was exchangeable with foodstuffs in construction site of royal tombs. The grain was heavy, so they carried the lighter one. Cotton cloth was prepared at the temples of the monk laborers in the provinces. And it was a heavy burden for the temples, so the temples were in danger to go bankrupt.
The monk laborers of sanneungyeok worked hard in various construction sites. Frequently they were sent out on transporting works of stones. Stone works was difficult and dangerous. Many a monks died or wounded in the process of stone works. Government officials thought that the monks had skills of transportation and had a high degree of efficiency in the dangerous works.
Yeongyeok-bujangs, the responsible primary executioners of construction works commanded the monk laborers. They were composed of military officers who were selected among the court guard. They encouraged the monks to do their best for construction works. And they were ordered to keep a close watch over the monk laborers preventing escapes and accidents. The government officials inquired into the monks’ family back-ground before requisition. If some of them sneak away from the construction sites, government officials could arrest the family member of the escapee. The monks were under government control.
The monk laborer were in hard conditions of construction sites. In a cold winter, many a monks died of illness in the camps. In the latter period of 17th century, the monks were apparently resistant to requests of additional work. They were no more simply obedient and quiet laborers.
In King Sukjongs and Yeongjo reigns, government decided to downsize stone sculptures at royal tombs, so demands for compulsory labor of monk laborers also went down. In addition, they got more carts in construction sites for transportation of stones. And new kinds of carts were also made for the saving of labor power. The last case of mass requisition of monks for sanneungyeok was commanded in 1757. It shows the gradual dismantlement of the compulsory labor system that requisitioned monks.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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