Neglected and underutilized crops : future smart food

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = xxiii
• Foreword = xxxi
• Preface = xxxiii
• PART I. Introduction
• Chapter 1 : Neglected and underutilized crops and global food security / Muhammad Farooq, Abdul Rehman, Xuan Li and Kadambot H.M. Siddique = 3
• 1. Introduction = 3
• 2. Role of neglected and underutilized crops in global food security and biodiversity = 9
• 2.1 Diversification and resilience of crop production systems for food security = 9
• 2.2 Nutritional and environmental value of neglected and underutilized species = 10
• 3. Strategies to bring neglected and underutilized crops out of their niche role = 11
• 3.1 Developing capacity and changing perceptions = 11
• 3.2 Genetic enhancements and conservation = 12
• 3.3 Value addition and marketing chains = 13
• 3.4 Policy interventions = 14
• 4. Conclusions = 14
• References = 15
• PART II. Cereal and pseudocereal crops
• Chapter 2 : Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)-a smart crop for food and nutritional security / Rashmi Yadav ; Padmavati Canpat Gore ; Veena Gupta, Saurabh ; Kadambot H.M. Siddique = 23
• 1. Introduction = 23
• 2. Origin, domestication, and distribution = 24
• 3. Botanical description = 26
• 4. Nutritional significance and end-uses = 26
• 5. Quinoa genetic resources = 29
• 6. Production technology = 29
• 6.1 Improved varieties = 30
• 6.2 Sowing and stand establishment = 31
• 6.3 Climate and soil = 31
• 6.4 Nutrient management = 32
• 6.5 Weed management = 32
• 6.6 Water management = 32
• 6.7 Plant protection = 32
• 6.8 Cropping system = 33
• 7. Processing and value addition = 33
• 7.1 Value addition in the quinoa through quinoa seed processing = 34
• 8. Case studies of success stories = 35
• 9. Adaptation to climate change = 36
• 9.1 Drought = 37
• 9.2 Salinity = 37
• 9.3 Temperature = 38
• 10. Conclusion and future research = 38
• References = 39
• Chapter 3 : Canahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) / Juan Pablo Rodriguez ; Alejandro Bonifacio ; Luz Rayda Go'mez-Pando ; Angel Mujica ; Marten Sorensen = 45
• 1. Introduction = 45
• 2. Botany = 46
• 2.1 Botanical description = 46
• 2.2 Domestication, phylogeny, and genomics = 46
• 2.3 Ecology and botanical geography = 48
• 2.4 Ethnobotany = 49
• 3. Nutritional significance = 49
• 3.1 Proximal nutrients = 52
• 3.2 Minerals = 52
• 3.3 Essential amino acids = 56
• 3.4 Fatty acids = 56
• 3.5 Antioxidants, total flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in canahua = 59
• 4. Global distribution = 59
• 4.1 South America = 59
• 5. Production technology = 64
• 5.1 Varietal selection in Peru = 64
• 5.2 Varietal selection in Bolivia = 65
• 5.3 Biofertilization = 67
• 5.4 Crop management = 68
• 5.5 Harvesting = 69
• 5.6 Post-harvest = 71
• 5.7 Pest and diseases = 72
• 6. Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses = 73
• 6.1 Drought tolerance = 74
• 6.2 Heat tolerance = 75
• 6.3 Frost and cold tolerance = 76
• 6.4 Salinity tolerance = 77
• 7. Case studies of success stories = 78
• 7.1 Canahua cultivation in Peru = 78
• 7.2 Canahua cultivation in Bolivia = 79
• 7.3 Experimental adaptation in other latitudes = 80
• 8. Adaptation of canahua in affected lands and soils = 80
• 8.1 Cultivation in saline soils of Peru and Bolivia = 80
• 8.2 Cultivation in contaminated soils in Bolivia = 81
• 8.3 Experimentation as phytoremediation and pest resistance = 81
• 9. Limitations and future perspectives = 82
• 9.1 Limitations = 82
• 9.2 Future perspectives = 82
• 10. Conclusions = 83
• Acknowledgments = 84
• References = 85
• Chapter 4 : Use of genomics and phenomics in grain amaranths for diversity assessment and breeding in the Americas / Matthew W. Blair ; Ranjita Thapa ; Xingbo Wu ; Matthew Edwards ; Damba Yahaya ; David Hickok ; Lucas Mackasmiel ; Andres J. Cortes = 95
• 1. Introduction = 95
• 2. Grain Amaranth diversity = 96
• 2.1 Species involved = 96
• 2.2 Distribution of grain amaranths = 96
• 2.3 Races and genepools of grain Amaranth = 97
• 2.4 Core collection = 97
• 2.5 Other collections = 98
• 3. Molecular markers used to assess grain Amaranth = 98
• 3.1 Early marker systems = 98
• 3.2 SNP-based markers = 98
• 3.3 Genotyping by sequencing as a method of diversity assessment = 100
• 3.4 Field and greenhouse phenomics = 100
• 3.5 Trait characterization = 102
• 4. Implications of diversity assessment = 103
• 5. Implications for breeding = 104
• 6. Future work = 106
• 6.1 QTL studies = 106
• 6.2 Genome wide association studies = 106
• 6.3 Genotype environment associations = 108
• 7. Final thoughts = 110
• References = 110
• Chapter 5 : Genetics, breeding, and genomics of Indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea/- status and perspectives / Mahendar S. Bhinda ; DC. Joshi ; Manoj Parihar ; P.P. Meena ; Priyanka Joshi ; Arun Gupta ; Lakshmi Kant ; Salej Sood = 115
• 1. Introduction = 115
• 2. Phylogeny, origin, and history = 116
• 3. Botanical description and floral biology = 116
• 4. Growth, development, and agronomic attributes = 118
• 5. Nutrition composition and nutraceutical potential of barnyard millet = 119
• 6. Adaptation to climate change and local environments = 120
• 7. Intercropping systems = 120
• 8. Bottlenecks in barnyard millet breeding = 121
• 9. Major biotic and abiotic production constraints = 121
• 10. Breeding advancements in barnyard millet = 124
• 10.1 Conventional breeding strategies = 124
• 10.2 Mutation breeding = 124
• 11. Modem breeding approaches for genetic improvement = 125
• 11.1 Genetic diversity studies through molecular markers = 125
• 11.2 Gene/QTL mapping = 126
• 11.3 Genomic resources and utilization = 126
• 12. Comparative genomics and synteny studies = 126
• 13. Functional genomics approach for gene discovery = 127
• 13.1 Transcriptomics = 127
• 13.2 Proteomics and metabolomics = 127
• 13.3 Genetic transformation methods = 128
• 14. Conclusion and future outlook = 128
• References = 129
• Further reading = 135
• Chapter 6 : Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) / S. Antony Ceasar ; T. Maharajan ; T.P. Ajeesh Krishna ; S. Ignacimuthu = 137
• 1. Introduction = 137
• 1.1 Origin and domestication = 138
• 1.2 Global distribution = 139
• 2. Production technology = 140
• 2.1 Nutritional significance = 141
• 2.2 Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses = 143
• 2.3 Adaptation to local environments especially to climate change = I44
• 2.4 Genomic studies = 145
• 3. Conclusion and future prospects = 145
• Acknowledgments = 146
• References = 146
• Further reading = 149
• Chapter 7 : Buckwheat fFagopyrum esculentum Moench and F. tataricum Gaertn.) / Bal Krishna Joshi = 151
• 1. Introduction = 151
• 2. Importance and uses = 153
• 3. Botany, genetics, and global distribution = 157
• 3.1 Botany = 157
• 3.2 Genetics = 163
• 3.3 Global distribution = 164
• 4. Nutritional values and significance = 167
• 4.1 Major nutrients = 167
• 4.2 Amino acids = 168
• 4.3 Fatty acids = 168
• 4.4 Vitamins = 168
• 4.5 Minerals = 168
• 4.6 Flavonoids = 169
• 4.7 Medicinal value = 169
• 5. Gene pool, breeding, and biotechnology = 170
• 5.1 Gene pool = 170
• 5.2 Buckwheat breeding = 172
• 5.3 Biotechnology = 173
• 6. Production technology = 174
• 6.1 Climate = 174
• 6.2 Quality seeds = 175
• 6.3 Varieties = 175
• 6.4 Soil = 175
• 6.5 Cropping pattern and cultivar mixture = 175
• 6.6 Land preparation = 176
• 6.7 Fertilizer = 176
• 6.8 Seeding time = 176
• 6.9 Seeding rate = 176
• 6.10 Seeding = 177
• 6.11 Irrigation = 177
• 6.12 Intercultural operation = 177
• 6.13 Plant protection = 177
• 6.14 Harvesting and threshing = 178
• 6.15 Yield = 178
• 7. Adaptability to varying environments and climate change = 179
• 8. Tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses = 180
• 9. Conservation = 182
• 10. Success cases = 185
• 10.1 Hybridization = 185
• 10.2 Varietal development = 186
• 10.3 Germplasm rescue = 186
• 10.4 Application of biotechnology = 187
• 10.5 Product diversification = 187
• 10.6 Year-round production = 188
• 10.7 Emergency crop = 188
• 10.8 Adjustable to the diversified cropping system = 188
• 10.9 Buckwheat as a medicinal crop = 188
• 10.10 Model crop in education = 189
• 11. Conclusion and prospects = 189
• References = 190
• Chapter 8 : Fonio millets : an underutilized crop with potential as a future smart cereal / David A. Animasaun ; Peter A. Adedibu ; Gabriel K. Olawepo ; Stephen Oyedeji = 201
• 1. Introduction = 201
• 2. Botany of fonio = 202
• 3. Soil, climate requirements, and ecological adaptability = 203
• 4. Planting system = 205
• 5. Weed management = 205
• 6. Adaptation and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress = 206
• 7. Production and distribution = 207
• 8. Nutritional and cultural utilizations = 208
• 9. Production constraints and challenges = 209
• 10. Germplasm characterization = 212
• 11. Breeding and improvements = 213
• 12. The future outlook for smart food production = 214
• References = 216
• Chapter 9 : Brown top millet (Brachiaria ramosa L. Stapf; Panicum ramosum L.)-a neglected and smart crop in fighting against hunger and malnutrition / Sagar Maitra ; T.S.S.K. Patro ; Anitha Reddy ; Akbar Hossain ; Biswajit Pramanick ; Koushik Brahmachari ; Krishna Prasad ; D.T. Santosh ; Mousumi Mandal ; Tanmoy Shankar ; Lalichetti Sagar ; Mahua Banerjee ; Jnana Bharati Palai ; Subhashisa Praharaj ; Masina Sairam = 221
• 1. Introduction = 221
• 2. Origin, domestication, and global distribution = 223
• 3. Botanical description = 224
• 4. Habitat = 225
• 5. Uses = 226
• 5.1 Human food = 226
• 5.2 Feed and forage = 227
• 5.3 Cover crop, catch crop, nurse crop, and green manure crop = 227
• 5.4 Support to wildlife = 228
• 5.5 Bioremediation of contaminated soil = 228
• 5.6 Plant protection = 228
• 6. Nutritional significance = 228
• 6.1 Nutrient composition of giain = 229
• 6.2 Health benefits = 229
• 6.3 Nutritional importance as animal feed = 230
• 7. Cultivation technology = 230
• 7.1 Crop improvement program = 230
• 7.2 Sowing and stand establishment = 231
• 7.3 Nutrient management = 231
• 7.4 Cropping system = 232
• 7.5 Plant protection = 232
• 7.6 Productivity = 233
• 8. Processing and value addition = 233
• 8.1 Processing = 233
• 8.2 Value addition = 234
• 9. Case studies of success stories = 238
• 9.1 “Korale Raghu” of Tumkuru, India brought the nutritious brown top millet back to plates = 238
• 9.2 Comeback of climate smart crop in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India = 239
• 9.3 An outstanding initiative by a woman farmer of Srikakulam, India = 240
• 10. Future scope of research = 241
• 11. Conclusion = 241
• References = 242
• Chapter 10 : Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) / Ravikesavan Rajasekaran ; Neethu Francis ; Vetriventhan Mani ; Jeeva Ganesan = 247
• 1. Introduction = 247
• 2. Domestication and global distribution = 248
• 3. Taxonomy and botany = 249
• 4. Reproductive biology and hybridization techniques = 252
• 5. Artificial hybridization techniques = 253
• 6. Production technology = 254
• 6.1 Climatic requirement and adaptability = 254
• 6.2 Soil type and sowing method = 254
• 6.3 Cropping systems = 255
• 6.4 Crop nutrition and irrigation management = 256
• 6.5 Pests, diseases, and their management = 257
• 7. Nutritional and health benefits = 258
• 8. Plant genetic resource potential = 260
• 9. Advances in crop improvement = 263
• 9.1 Yield improvement and varietal development = 263
• 9.2 Abiotic and biotic stress tolerance = 267
• 9.3 Quality improvement = 269
• 9.4 Omics approaches for crop improvement = 270
• 10. Promotional efforts initiated in India = 271
• 11. Future research needs = 272
• 12. Future prospects and conclusion = 272
• References = 273
• Chapter 11 : Kodo Millet (Paspalum scorbiculatum L.) / R. Ravikesavan ; C. Jeeva ; J. Poornima Jency ; M. Muthamilarasan ; Neethu Francis = 279
• 1. Introduction = 279
• 2. Global Distribution = 280
• 3. Taxonomy of Kodo Millet = 281
• 4. Botany and floral biology of Kodo Millet = 283
• 4.1 Nutritional importance of Kodo Millet = 285
• 4.2 Production technologies = 287
• 4.3 Crop improvement strategies = 288
• 4.4 Agronomic traits = 290
• 4.5 Abiotic stresses = 290
• 4.6 Biotic stress = 290
• 4.7 Breeding methods = 292
• 5. Advanced tools in crop improvement = 293
• 5.1 Genome sequence = 294
• 5.2 Transcriptomics = 294
• References = 301
• Chapter 12 : Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) : a model for small millets / Lydia Pramitha ; Pooja Choudhary ; Sumi Rana ; Roshan Kumar Singh ; Pronomita Das ; Shriya Sharma ; Ravikesavan Rajasekaran ; Manoj Prasad ; Mehanathan Muthamilarasan = 305
• 1. Introduction = 305
• 2. Botany of foxtail millet = 307
• 2.1 Taxonomic classification of foxtail millet = 30g
• 2.2 Phylogeny of foxtail millet = 309
• 2.3 Diversity of foxtail millet = 311
• 3. Nutritional distribution of foxtail millet = 311
• 4. Global distribution of foxtail millet = 312
• 4.1 Origin = 312
• 4.2 Major producers = 313
• 5. Crop improvement and production technologies = 313
• 5.1 Breeding efforts = 313
• 5.2 Molecular approaches = 314
• 6. Dissecting climate-resilience traits = 315
• 6.1 Biotic stress tolerance = 317
• 6.2 Abiotic stress resistance = 319
• 7. Case studies and success stories = 319
• 8. Roadmap for similar studies in small millets = 320
• 9. Conclusions and future perspectives = 322
• Acknowledgments = 322
• References = 322
• Chapter 13 : Triticale / Alejandro del Pozo ; Ana Maria Mendez-Espinoza ; Dalma Castillo = 325
• 1. Introduction = 325
• 1.1 Main production areas, origin, and types of triticale = 325
• 1.2 Trends in production, area, and yield = 327
• 1.3 Triticale uses = 327
• 2. Plant morphology and development = 329
• 2.1 Plant characteristics = 329
• 2.2 Crop phenology = 330
• 2.3 Yield component determination = 331
• 3. Crop growth and productivity = 332
• 3.1 Radiation capture and use efficiency = 333
• 3.2 Crop productivity = 334
• 3.3 Genetic progress = 335
• 4. Abiotic stress tolerance = 335
• 4.1 Water stress = 336
• 4.2 Salinity stress = 338
• 5. Impact of fungal diseases = 339
• 5.1 Powdery mildew = 339
• 5.2 Rusts = 341
• 5.3 Septoria nodorum = 345
• 5.4 Fusarium head blight = 345
• 5.5 Tan spot = 347
• 5.6 Loose smut = 348
• 5.7 Take-all disease = 348
• 6. Grain quality = 349
• 7. Concluding remarks = 350
• References = 350
• PART III. Food legume crops
• Chapter 14 : Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Marechal & Baudet) : an African underutilized grain legume with A/gA potential / Eric Etchikinto Agoyi ; Konoutan Me'dard Kafoutchoni ; Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan = 365
• 1. Introduction = 365
• 1.1 Description of the crop = 366
• 1.2 Nutrition and utilization = 370
• 2. Utilization = 375
• 2.1 Market = 375
• 2.2 Seed systems = 376
• 2.3 Exploitation of genetic and genomic resources = 377
• 3. Production of Kersting’s groundnut = 379
• 3.1 Production history = 379
• 3.2 Agronomic practices = 381
• 3.3 Land preparation and sowing = 381
• 3.4 Weed and pest control = 381
• 3.5 Harvesting threshing and storage = 383
• 3.6 Tolerance to stress = 383
• 4. Conclusion = 385
• References = 386
• Chapter 15 : Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L.)-An untapped resilient protein reservoir / M. Naeem ; As fia Shabbir ; Tariq Aftab ; M. Masroor A. Khan = 391
• 1. Introduction = 391
• 1.1 Botanical description = 392
• 1.2 Global distribution = 393
• 1.3 Active constituents = 394
• 1.4 Nutritional components = 394
• 1.5 Multiple uses for Lablab bean = 395
• 1.6 Lablab bean challenges and mitigation strategies = 395
• 1.7 Biotechnology and molecular studies for crop improvement = 403
• 2. Conclusion = 405
• References = 406
• Chapter 16 : Pear! lupin (Lupinus mutabilisjr a neglected high protein and oil content crop / Iulian Gabur ; Danut Petru Simioniuc = 413
• 1. Introduction = 413
• 2. Taxonomy and distribution = 415
• 3. Genetics and breeding = 418
• 4. Adaptation to climate change = 422
• 5. Tolerance to pests and diseases = 426
• 6. Pearl lupin uses = 428
• 7. Conclusions = 430
• References = 431
• Chapter 17 : Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) / C.E. Eagleton ; A.S. Tanzi ; S. Mayes ; F. Massawe ; W.K. Ho ; K. Kuswanto ; R.A. Stephenson ; T.N. Khan = 437
• 1. Introduction = 437
• 2. The plant = 438
• 2.1 General characteristics = 439
• 2.2 Taxonomy = 439
• 2.3 Origin and distribution = 441
• 2.4 Germplasm collection and conservation = 441
• 2.5 Traditional cropping systems = 441
• 3. Edible components and their nutritional value = 442
• 3.1 Green pods and beans = 442
• 3.2 Mature seed = 442
• 3.3 Root tubers = 445
• 3.4 Leaves, young shoots and flowers = 446
• 4. Plant growth, development, and its determinants = 447
• 4.1 Seed viability and germination = 447
• 4.2 Vegetative growth = 447
• 4.3 Nodulation = 448
• 4.4 Floral initiation and pod development = 448
• 4.5 Initiation and development of root tubers = 448
• 5. The crop = 449
• 5.1 Abiotic factors in production = 449
• 5.2 Biotic factors in production = 451
• 5.3 Agronomic strategies and their effects = 453
• 6. Crop improvement = 456
• 6.1 Germplasm evaluation = 456
• 6.2 Adaptation and genotype x environment analysis = 458
• 6.3 Genetics and plant breeding = 460
• 7. Prospects = 462
• 7.1 R&D case studies = 462
• 7.2 R&D priorities = 463
• 7.3 Genomics and Psophocarpus genetic resources = 468
• 7.4 Genetic diversity analysis and plant breeding strategies based on genomic makers = 469
• 8. Conclusion = 470
• References = 471
• Chapter 18 : African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa hochst ex. A. Rich) Harms) / Adewale B. Daniel = 487
• 1. Introduction = 487
• 2. Origin and distribution of African yam bean = 489
• 3. The plant-African yam bean = 491
• 3.1 Cytology and reproductive biology = 491
• 3.2 Taxonomy = 494
• 4. Production technology of African yam bean = 494
• 4.1 Agronomic practices in African yam bean = 494
• 4.2 Breeding prospect for better acceptability, cultivation and production of African yam bean = 496
• 4.3 Postharvest techniques = 497
• 5. Climate smart features of African yam bean = 497
• 5.1 Adaptability of African yam bean = 498
• 6. Importance of and utilization the primary products of African yam bean = 499
• 6.1 The tuber = 500
• 6.2 The seed = 501
• 6.3 Medicinal qualities of African yam bean = 503
• 6.4 Potent industrial biochemical for the control of economic pests of legumes = 503
• 7. Unveiled intraspecific diversity and nutritional potential in African yam bean : the success stories = 503
• 8. Conclusion and way forward = 507
• References = 509
• Chapter 19 : Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) / Anurag Saxena ; Sanjeev Kumar ; Mahendra Singh Raghuvanshi = 575
• 1. Introduction = 515
• 2. Botanical description = 516
• 3. Global distribution = 516
• 4. Climate and soil = 517
• 5. Area, production, and productivity in India = 517
• 6. Adoption constraints = 519
• 6.1 Production constraints = 519
• 6.2 Technology dissemination = 520
• 6.3 Economic constraints = 520
• 6.4 Marketing constraints = 520
• 6.5 Policy constraints = 520
• 7. Genetic variability and improved varieties = 520
• 8. Physicochemical and functional properties = 522
• 9. Production technology = 523
• 9.1 Climatic conditions = 523
• 9.2 Soil = 523
• 9.3 Soil preparation = 523
• 9.4 Seeding rate and sowing methods = 523
• 9.5 Sowing time = 524
• 9.6 Seed treatment = 525
• 9.7 Fertilizer management = 525
• 9.8 Irrigation = 525
• 9.9 Weed management = 525
• 9.10 Harvest and storage = 526
• 10. Agro-morphological performance and climatic variability = 526
• 11. Disease, pest, and weed management = 526
• 11.1 Disease management = 526
• 12. Insect pests and their management = 527
• 13. Nutritional significance = 529
• 14. Processing and use of moth bean = 529
• 15. Research trends = 534
• 16. Success stories = 534
• 17. Conclusion = 535
• References = 535
• Further reading = 537
• Chapter 20 : Adzuki bean /Vigna angularis (willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi] / Nageswer Singh ; Neerja Kharwal ; Neelam Bhardwaj ; Shipra Singh = 539
• 1. Introduction = 539
• 2. Botanical and morphology description = 540
• 3. Nutritional significance = 540
• 3.1 Nutritional composition = 541
• 4. Health benefits = 545
• 5. Global distribution = 546
• 5.1 Origin and distribution = 546
• 6. Production technology = 547
• 6.1 Climate and adaption = 547
• 6.2 Sowing = 547
• 6.3 Fertilizer requirement = 547
• 6.4 Intercultural practices = 547
• 6.5 Maturity = 547
• 7. Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses = 548
• 8. Case studies of success stories = 549
• 9. Adaptation to local environments especially to climate change = 551
• 10. Crop biodiversity : adaptation, preservation, and utilization = 551
• References = 553
• Chapter 21 : Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde.) / K.I. Maleva ; X.L. Tan ; R.A. Ha li mi ; H.H. Chai ; G.M. Makonya ; X. Gao ; A.I.T. Shayanowako ; W.K. Ho ; A.S. Tanzi ; J. Farrant ; T. Mabhaudhi ; G. J. King ; S. Mayes ; F. Massawe = 557
• 1. Introduction = 557
• 1.1 Chapter nomenclature = 559
• 2. The plant = 559
• 2.1 Taxonomy = 560
• 2.2 Origins and distribution = 562
• 2.3 Growth and development = 563
• 3. Nutritional density = 570
• 4. Climate resilience = 574
• 4.1 Resistance to abiotic stresses = 574
• 4.2 Resistance to biotic stresses = 576
• 5. Economic viability = 577
• 5.1 Perception and knowledge of farmers, marketers, processors, and consumers = 578
• 5.2 Policy and financing support = 581
• 6. Local availability and adaptability = 582
• 6.1 Germplasm collection and conservation = 582
• 6.2 Genetic diversity, genetics, and plant breeding = 582
• 7. Prospects : toward a different vision for African agriculture = 584
• 7.1 Data definition, accessibility, and interoperability are critical for NUS = 584
• 7.2 Research and agricultural policy around the value chain = 586
• 7.3 Flowering and photoperiod sensitivity = 589
• 7.4 Seed composition = 590
• 7.5 Hard-to-cook phenomena = 591
• 7.6 Molecular breeding and other novel techniques = 597
• 8. Conclusion = 601
• References = 601
• Chapter 22 : Progress and opportunities on Bambara groundnut
• (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verde.) : genetic improvement and product development / M.S. Mohammed ; H.A. Shimelis ; M.D. Laing ; A. Usman = 617
• 1. Introduction = 617
• 2. Production status, germplasm collection, and evaluation = 623
• 2.1 Production status = 623
• 2.2 Germplasm collection and evaluation = 626
• 3. Seed nutritional composition and utilization = 627
• 4. Response of Bambara groundnut to optimized agronomic management = 627
• 5. Prebreeding of Bambara groundnut = 628
• 5.1 Phenotyping Bambara groundnut landraces = 629
• 5.2 Genetic diversity analysis and marker-assisted selection = 634
• 5.3 Population development = 635
• 6. Participatory rural appraisal = 636
• 7. Research needs in Bambara groundnut = 638
• References = 638
• Chapter 23 : Rice bean (Vigna umbellata/- a promising legume with unexplored potential / Rajan Katoch ; Ankar Tripathi and Kiran = 647
• 1. Introduction = 647
• 2. Underutilized crops as future smart foods for zero hunger = 647
• 3. Ricebean-a promising but unexplored legume = 648
• 3.1 Origin and distribution of ricebean = 649
• 4. Ricebean production technology = 651
• 4.1 Soil and climatic requirements = 651
• 4.2 Ricebean cultivation = 652
• 5. Nutritional potential of ricebean = 655
• 5.1 Protein content = 655
• 5.2 Amino acid composition = 657
• 5.3 Fiber content = 658
• 5.4 Carbohydrate content = 659
• 5.5 Lipid and fatty acid profile = 659
• 5.6 Mineral and vitamin content = 659
• 6. Nutraceutical properties of ricebean = 660
• 6.1 Nutritive bioactive compounds = 661
• 6.2 NonNutritive bioactive compounds = 662
• 7. Nutraceutical uses of ricebean in traditional medicinal system = 666
• 8. Processing techniques for managing antinutritional factors in ricebean = 667
• 9. Ricebean in global cuisine and value addition = 669
• 10. Ricebean as a source of candidate genes for insect-pest resistance = 670
• 11. Prospects of ricebean in food and nutritional security = 672
• 12. Conclusion = 673
• References = 673
• PART IV. Oil seeds
• Chapter 24 : Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) / V.E. Emongor ; R.A. Emongor = 683
• 1. Introduction = 683
• 2. Safflower uses = 684
• 2.1 Food uses = 685
• 2.2 Livestock feed = 689
• 2.3 Textile industry = 694
• 2.4 Cut flower industry = 694
• 2.5 Other uses of safflower = 695
• 3. Global distribution = 695
• 4. Tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses = 695
• 5. Environmental adaptation = 699
• 5.1 Altitude = 700
• 5.2 Temperature = 700
• 5.3 Photoperiod = 701
• 5.4 Soils = 701
• 5.5 Rainfall = 702
• 5.6 Relative humidity = 702
• 5.7 Pollination = 703
• 6. Safflower production = 703
• 6.1 Seedbed preparation = 704
• 6.2 Planting = 704
• 6.3 Fertilizer requirements = 705
• 6.4 Weed control = 706
• 6.5 Irrigation = 707
• 6.6 Harvest = 707
• 6.7 Storage = 708
• 7. Economies of safflower production = 709
• 8. Conclusion = 710
• References = 710
• Further reading = 731
• Chapter 25 : Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) / Mubshar Hussain ; Sami Ul-Allah ; Shahid Farooq = 733
• 1. Introduction = 733
• 2. Botany and origin = 736
• 3. Nutritional significance = 736
• 4. Production technology = 739
• 4.1 Climate and soil = 739
• 4.2 Sowing methods = 739
• 4.3 Crop husbandry practices = 740
• 4.4 Pest management = 740
• 4.5 Weed management = 741
• 4.6 Sesame-based cropping systems = 741
• 4.7 Harvesting = 742
• 5. Adaptation to climate change = 742
• 5.1 Drought stress = 743
• 5.2 Heat stress = 743
• 5.3 Salinity stress = 746
• 5.4 Adaptation strategies = 746
• 6. Case studies = 749
• 7. Conclusion = 751
• References = 752
• Chapter 26 : Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis/- an oil-producing cash crop / Swati Agarwal ; Sonu Kumari ; Suphiya Khan = 757
• 1. Introduction = 757
• 2. Origin and distribution = 758
• 3. Abiotic and biotic stress tolerance = 758
• 3.1 Climate change = 758
• 3.2 Insects and pests = 759
• 4. Botanical description = 759
• 4.1 Plant morphology = 759
• 4.2 Male and female sex ratio = 759
• 5. Nutritional significance = 760
• 6. Jojoba oil and derivatives = 760
• 6.1 Oil chemistry = 760
• 6.2 Oil derivatives = 761
• 6.3 Oil extraction = 766
• 6.4 Oil esterification = 766
• 7. Commercial importance of jojoba plant = 768
• 7.1 Cosmetics = 768
• 7.2 Medical = 769
• 7.3 Animal fodder and food supplement = 769
• 7.4 Lubricants and adhesives = 769
• 7.5 Water purification = 770
• 7.6 Clean energy = 770
• 8. Advances in jojoba oil research = 770
• 9. Genetic improvement = 771
• 10. Success stories of jojoba = 771
• 10.1 Discovery of jojoba = 771
• 10.2 Introduction of jojoba in Israel = 772
• 10.3 Introduction of jojoba in the cosmetics industry = 773
• 11. Struggles and future aspects = 773
• 12. Conclusion = 773
• Acknowledgments = 774
• References = 774
• Chapter 27 : Camelina sativa (Cranz.) from minor crop to potential breakthrough / Roberto Matteo ; Eleonora Pagnotta ; Luisa Ugolini ; Laura Righetti ; Silvia Tavarini ; Luca Lazzeri = 781
• 1. Introduction = 781
• 2. Origin and global distribution = 782
• 3. Botany and biology = 783
• 3.1 Classification = 783
• 3.2 Biology = 785
• 3.3 Genetics : varieties and improvements = 785
• 4. Agronomy : agronomic techniques and production technology = 787
• 4.1 Agronomic traits = 787
• 4.2 Agronomical practices = 787
• 5. Uses : nutritional significance and applications in green chemistry = 790
• 5.1 Extraction and quality of camelina oil = 790
• 5.2 Camelina oil and co-products exploitation = 794
• 6. Case studies = 796
• Fundings = 797
• Acknowledgement = 797
• References = 797
• Index = 803