Ocean energies : environmental, economic, and technological aspects of alternative power sources

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = Ⅶ
• Acknowledgements = Ⅸ
• CHAPTER 1. STATE OF THE ART = 1
• Introduction = 1
• Tidal energy = 1
• Wave energy = 3
• Thermal energy = 5
• Wind energy = 12
• Current energy = 13
• Biomass energy = 16
• Salinity energy = 17
• Geothermal energy = 18
• Summary = 19
• CHAPTER 2. OFFSHORE WIND POWER STATIONS = 21
• Introduction = 21
• Historical background = 24
• The resource = 26
• Available wind power at offshore sites = 29
• Sites = 30
• Wind power = 30
• Turbine selection = 33
• Types of turbines = 36
• Harnessing offshore winds = 40
• Offshore winds power for less developed countries = 47
• Availability of marine wind data = 48
• Efficiency of WECS = 49
• Windpower and economics = 49
• Wind farm = 51
• Implementation and environmental impact = 51
• Present U.S. WECS program = 52
• Offshore WECS in the Federal Program = 54
• Problem areas in offshore WECS application = 55
• Recent developments = 55
• Other uses of wind energy = 58
• Conclusions = 60
• CHAPTER 3. OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION = 63
• The resource potential = 63
• Technological development = 65
• Some proposed schemes for extracting energy from the Florida current = 69
• Other proposed schemes for harnessing the energy in ocean currents = 76
• The Mediterranean - Dead Sea Canal project = 77
• The Qattara Basin project = 80
• Tidal estuaries = 81
• Environmental considerations = 85
• Costs and developments = 88
• CHAPTER 4. SOLAR PONDS = 95
• Introduction = 95
• Electricity production = 95
• Background = 97
• The solar pond = 97
• Resource = 99
• Technology = 99
• Commercial plant = 102
• Costs and development = 102
• CHAPTER 5. WAVES = 105
• Energy from the ocean = 105
• Ocean waves = 106
• The potential use of wave energy = 107
• Introduction = 107
• Apparatus design, installation and starting = 108
• Energy conversion = 108
• Environmental impact = 109
• System evaluation = 110
• Conversion systems = 110
• Wind waves = 111
• The birth of waves = 111
• Characteristics of waves = 112
• Wave-power resource = 113
• Historical development = 119
• Wind waves power harnessing = 122
• Concentration schemes = 123
• Controlled point absorber = 127
• Economic considerations = 129
• Sea-wave lens = 129
• Experimentation = 132
• Intervention in wave orbits = 136
• Utilization of the pressure field = 143
• Utilization of mass transport = 146
• The Mauritius project = 147
• Dam-Atoll = 147
• Accelerative devices = 149
• Other recent devices = 150
• Transmission to shore = 153
• Economics of converters = 154
• Technological problems = 158
• Efficiency = 161
• Environmental impact = 163
• Prospects for wave power = 164
• Recent developments and current research in wave power = 166
• Kvaerner Brug and Norwave = 166
• Current developments in Japan = 167
• Current developments in China = 168
• Current developments in Portugal = 169
• Tierrabomba Island project = 169
• Gorlov Scheme = 170
• The basic concept = 170
• Chamber-to-chamber operation = 170
• Sea clam = 172
• Delft Hydraulics Laboratory scheme = 173
• Johns Hopkins University's PWECS = 173
• Brugnoli Scheme = 177
• Operation = 181
• Pumps = 182
• Conclusions = 184
• CHAPTER 6. CURRENT ASSESSMENT OF OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL = 187
• Ocean thermal energy conversion = 187
• Resource potential = 187
• Regions of potential OTEC utilization = 189
• Historical overview of the technology and basic technological concept = 190
• Open cycle = 191
• Closed cycle = 195
• Summary of OTEC research and development activities = 199
• Worldwide = 199
• Sea solar power = 203
• A continuum of current program activities = 203
• Recent design concepts = 207
• Open-cycle plants = 207
• Foam lift cycle = 211
• Mist lift cycle = 212
• Closed-cycle plants = 214
• Technology research and development = 225
• Systems components and related problems in the ocean environment - heat exchangers = 225
• Turbines = 234
• Instrumentation and controls = 234
• Pumps for various OTEC applications = 235
• Platform or hull = 235
• Anchoring, mooring, and dynamic positioning = 239
• Sea water system(SWS) and cold water pipe = 241
• Power transmission cables = 246
• Power plant inspection, maintenance, and repair = 248
• Power plant systems construction techniques = 252
• Environmental research and considerations = 254
• Cost factors and economic considerations = 260
• Additional considerations related to costs = 261
• Commercialization = 261
• Other factors in OTEC commercialization = 264
• Mariculture = 266
• Alumina reduction to aluminum = 266
• Hydrogen = 266
• Use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier = 267
• Other products and ocean energy industrial complexes = 268
• International legal／political considerations = 269
• OTEC industry benefits = 270
• CHAPTER 7. IS TIDAL POWER COMING OF AGE? = 273
• Historical background = 273
• Tidal power in America = 274
• Tidal phenomenon = 280
• The resource = 282
• Site selection = 283
• Possible systems = 286
• Power equations = 288
• Tidal current power = 289
• The tidal power plant = 290
• Characteristics of operating plants = 291
• Transmission and storage = 294
• The Rance River plant = 296
• Design of the Rance River plant = 299
• Efficiency = 302
• Corrosion problems = 303
• Other problems = 303
• Environmental considerations = 304
• The Soviet experimental station = 305
• Small tidal power plants in China = 306
• Tidal power in Suriname = 307
• Tidal power in the Bay of Fundy = 307
• Updating of the Bay of Fundy project = 309
• Estimates of project cost = 309
• Financial feasibility = 310
• Costing = 310
• Transmission = 312
• Production estimates and new turbine designs = 312
• Value of tidal energy = 314
• Comparison tidal／nuclear and tidal／coal = 315
• Environmental impact = 315
• The turbine = 316
• The powerhouse = 320
• The barrage = 322
• Advantages of the Straflo turbine = 323
• Aims of the project : environmental impact = 323
• Projects around the world = 323
• Advantages, disadvantages, and economics of tidal power = 325
• The future = 326
• Tidal power twenty years later = 327
• Small-scale tidal power plants = 327
• The Fay and Smachlo model = 327
• Tidal energy conversion = 328
• Tidal currents, etc. = 330
• Optimization studies = 332
• Measuring tidal ranges = 334
• Introduction of the telemetric system = 335
• Corrosion = 336
• Energy storage = 336
• Environmental impact = 337
• Economics = 340
• Recent developments = 341
• Japan = 342
• Argentina = 342
• India = 342
• Canada = 343
• United States of America = 345
• Korea = 346
• Conclusion = 346
• CHAPTER 8. SALINITY ENERGY = 347
• Salinity = 347
• Magnitude of the resources = 349
• Energy extraction = 352
• Direct mechanical osmotic effect utilization = 352
• Electrodialysis = 352
• Vapor pressure difference utilization = 362
• Expansion and contraction = 365
• Concentration of the free energy = 366
• Osmotic pump = 366
• Technical problems = 368
• Electrodes = 368
• Membranes = 368
• Corrosion and fouling = 369
• Resistance - electrical and hydrodynamical = 369
• Efficiencies = 370
• Environmental effects = 370
• Energy from geothermal brines = 371
• Energy from salt domes = 372
• Energy from salt pans = 373
• Current funding and problems for research = 373
• Costing - electrodialysis plant = 377
• A look into the future = 377
• CHAPTER 9. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY = 381
• Geothermal energy = 381
• Background = 381
• Resource = 384
• Tapping energy at sea = 386
• Geographical sites = 387
• Classification = 388
• Technology = 390
• Exploration = 390
• Geochemical characteristics and exploration = 391
• Exploration limitations = 391
• Drilling = 392
• Dry-steam deposits = 392
• Power from wet-steam(hot-water) deposits = 393
• The total-flow concept = 395
• The binary cycle = 399
• Power from geopressurized deposits = 399
• Other U.S. sites = 400
• Power from hot tight rocks(hot dry rocks) = 400
• Power from magma systems = 402
• Environmental impact = 402
• Costing = 405
• Conclusions = 405
• CHAPTER 10. MARINE BIOMASS ENERGY = 407
• The resource = 408
• Plant description = 409
• Seaweeds = 409
• Macrocystis pyrifera = 411
• Marine farms = 412
• Production and productivity = 412
• Farm design = 414
• Substrates ad supports = 415
• Artificial upwelling = 419
• Harvesting seaweed = 420
• Test farms = 422
• Future prospects = 422
• Electricity from marine biomass = 425
• Methane generation = 427
• Economics = 430
• Environmental impact = 430
• Glossary = 433
• References and notes = 451
• Bibliography = 473
• Index = 525