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    Modeling permeable reactive barriers to control groundwater contaminated with mine tailings = 광산 광미로 오염된 지하수 제어를 위한 투수성 반응벽체 모델링 연구

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16955533

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

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    한국어
    The development of industrialization has led to a rapid expansion of the mining industry, and the heavy metal pollutants emitted during mining development cause environmental problems such as acid mine drainage (AMD) and mine tailings. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used as pollution containment facilities to prevent the spread of contaminated groundwater due to heavy metal pollutants. PRBs are representative passive remediation technology, and there are various facility structures such as trench type, funnel and gate type, and non-pumping reactive well (NPRWs). NPRWs is attracting attention as a technology for treating groundwater contamination in deep aquifers. In South Korea, PRBs are currently in operation at a total of 12 mine tailing storage sites. In this study, we combined experimental evaluation methods and numerical modeling techniques to comprehensively evaluate the PRBs facility operating in the field as follow: characterization of reactive materials, performance evaluation of contamination spread control according to the structure of NPRWs facility, the performance and sustainability assessment of PRBs operated in actual field.
    Characterization of reactive materials was conducted on the heavy metal removal process using coal waste and zeolite. Considering the subsurface environmental conditions such as contaminants properties, contamination levels, and groundwater velocities condition, a laboratory experiment was conducted to confirm changes in the characteristics of the reactive material in response to heavy metal removal. In the case of coal waste, non-equilibrium adsorption characteristics were confirmed due to the slow sorption rate, and in the case of zeolite, equilibrium and nonlinear sorption characteristics were found to be dominant due to the relatively fast sorption rate.
    Performance evaluation according to the structure of NPRWs facility was conducted the contamination removal efficiency, the potential for contamination leakage, and longevity. Through sandbox experiments designed to simulate water flow and contaminant removal, along with numerical modeling, it is showed that applicability for predicting the performance of the entire facility based on the characteristics of reactive materials by using an upscaling method. By visualizing the groundwater flow around the NPRWs, spatial variations of contaminant removal efficiency were confirmed, and the possibility of contaminant leakage was discovered due to hydraulic characteristics by the NPRWs facility structure. In assessing the effectiveness of NPRWs facility, it appeared essential to take into account the its structure, rather than solely relying on the properties of the reactive materials.
    To assess the performance and sustainability of PRBs operated in actual field, investigating whether groundwater contaminated with heavy metals was effectively contained at the mine tailing storage site equipped with PRBs. On-site monitoring was conducted to check the condition of the PRBs facility that has been in operation for a long time, and the experiments were conducted by sampling the old PRB materials actually buried in the PRBs. Regional-scale modeling was performed to understand the hydraulic characteristics of the entire area where the facility is located. Groundwater infiltration through cracks in the bedrock was the main contributing factor to heavy metal contamination at the mine tailing storage site, and that the resulting heavy metal groundwater contamination moved to the downgradient. Through field monitoring and sampling, the old PRB materials in a mine tailing storage site was found to be already highly enriched by heavy metals, suggesting that the PRBs facility worked effectively in removing heavy metal contamination. Some heavy metal contaminants were detected to exceed groundwater quality standards at PRBs downgradient, and the PRBs facility was predicted to have reached the end of its longevity through numerical modeling. Based on the above evidences, we recommend discontinuing operation for the PRBs facility.
    번역하기

    The development of industrialization has led to a rapid expansion of the mining industry, and the heavy metal pollutants emitted during mining development cause environmental problems such as acid mine drainage (AMD) and mine tailings. Permeable react...

    The development of industrialization has led to a rapid expansion of the mining industry, and the heavy metal pollutants emitted during mining development cause environmental problems such as acid mine drainage (AMD) and mine tailings. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used as pollution containment facilities to prevent the spread of contaminated groundwater due to heavy metal pollutants. PRBs are representative passive remediation technology, and there are various facility structures such as trench type, funnel and gate type, and non-pumping reactive well (NPRWs). NPRWs is attracting attention as a technology for treating groundwater contamination in deep aquifers. In South Korea, PRBs are currently in operation at a total of 12 mine tailing storage sites. In this study, we combined experimental evaluation methods and numerical modeling techniques to comprehensively evaluate the PRBs facility operating in the field as follow: characterization of reactive materials, performance evaluation of contamination spread control according to the structure of NPRWs facility, the performance and sustainability assessment of PRBs operated in actual field.
    Characterization of reactive materials was conducted on the heavy metal removal process using coal waste and zeolite. Considering the subsurface environmental conditions such as contaminants properties, contamination levels, and groundwater velocities condition, a laboratory experiment was conducted to confirm changes in the characteristics of the reactive material in response to heavy metal removal. In the case of coal waste, non-equilibrium adsorption characteristics were confirmed due to the slow sorption rate, and in the case of zeolite, equilibrium and nonlinear sorption characteristics were found to be dominant due to the relatively fast sorption rate.
    Performance evaluation according to the structure of NPRWs facility was conducted the contamination removal efficiency, the potential for contamination leakage, and longevity. Through sandbox experiments designed to simulate water flow and contaminant removal, along with numerical modeling, it is showed that applicability for predicting the performance of the entire facility based on the characteristics of reactive materials by using an upscaling method. By visualizing the groundwater flow around the NPRWs, spatial variations of contaminant removal efficiency were confirmed, and the possibility of contaminant leakage was discovered due to hydraulic characteristics by the NPRWs facility structure. In assessing the effectiveness of NPRWs facility, it appeared essential to take into account the its structure, rather than solely relying on the properties of the reactive materials.
    To assess the performance and sustainability of PRBs operated in actual field, investigating whether groundwater contaminated with heavy metals was effectively contained at the mine tailing storage site equipped with PRBs. On-site monitoring was conducted to check the condition of the PRBs facility that has been in operation for a long time, and the experiments were conducted by sampling the old PRB materials actually buried in the PRBs. Regional-scale modeling was performed to understand the hydraulic characteristics of the entire area where the facility is located. Groundwater infiltration through cracks in the bedrock was the main contributing factor to heavy metal contamination at the mine tailing storage site, and that the resulting heavy metal groundwater contamination moved to the downgradient. Through field monitoring and sampling, the old PRB materials in a mine tailing storage site was found to be already highly enriched by heavy metals, suggesting that the PRBs facility worked effectively in removing heavy metal contamination. Some heavy metal contaminants were detected to exceed groundwater quality standards at PRBs downgradient, and the PRBs facility was predicted to have reached the end of its longevity through numerical modeling. Based on the above evidences, we recommend discontinuing operation for the PRBs facility.

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    국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    한국어
    영어
    산업화의 발달은 광산업의 급격한 확대로 이어졌으며, 광산개발과정에서 배출된 중금속 오염물질은 산성광산배수 및 광미 등의 환경문제를 일으킨다. 중금속 오염물질로 인해 오염된 지하수의 확산을 방지하기 위해 오염확산 방지시설으로 투수성 반응벽체가 사용되고 있다. 투수성 반응벽체는 대표적인 수동형 정화 기술로 연속벽형, 유도벽형, 관정형 반응벽체와 같은 다양한 시설 구조가 존재하며, 이 중 심부 대수층의 지하수 오염을 처리하기 위한 기술로 관정형 반응벽체가 주목되고 있다. 국내에서는 총 12곳의 광미 적치장에서 투수성 반응벽체를 운영하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현장에서 운영 중인 투수성 반응벽체 시설을 종합적으로 평가하고자 반응성 소재 특성화, 관정형 반응벽체 시설 구조에 따른 오염 확산제어 성능 평가, 그리고 현장 운영 시설의 성능 예측 및 지속가능성 평가에 대해 실험적 평가방법과 수치척 모델링 기법을 결합하여 접근하였다.
    석탄폐석과 제올라이트를 이용하여 중금속 제거 과정에 대한 반응성 소재의 특성화 연구를 수행하였다. 지중환경의 오염물질 특성, 오염정도, 지하수 유동 조건 등의 지중환경 조건을 고려하여, 중금속 제거에 대한 반응성 소재의 특성 변화를 확인하기 위해 실내 실험을 수행하였다. 석탄폐석의 경우, 느린 흡착 속도로 인한 비평형 흡착 특성이 확인되었으며, 제올라이트의 경우, 상대적으로 빠른 흡착 속도로 인해 평형 흡착과 비선형 흡착 특성이 지배적인 것으로 나타났다.
    국내에 다수 시공된 형태인 관정형 반응벽체의 시설 구조에 따른 오염제거 효율, 오염누출 가능성 및 사용연한 등의 성능을 평가하였다. 토조 환경에서의 유동 및 오염제거를 모의한 실험과 수치적 모델링을 이용해, 업스케일링 기법을 적용하여 반응성 소재의 특성을 기반으로 한 전체 시설의 성능 평가가 가능함을 보여주었다. 관정형 반응벽체 주변 지하수 흐름을 시각화하여 오염 저감 효율의 공간적 불균질성을 확인했으며, 시설 구조에 따른 수리적 특성으로 인한 오염물질의 누출 가능성을 발견하였다. 관정형 반응벽체 시설의 성능을 평가를 하는데 있어 반응성 소재의 특성만을 반영하는 것이 아니라 시설의 구조에 대한 고려가 필요한 것으로 보였다.
    번역하기

    산업화의 발달은 광산업의 급격한 확대로 이어졌으며, 광산개발과정에서 배출된 중금속 오염물질은 산성광산배수 및 광미 등의 환경문제를 일으킨다. 중금속 오염물질로 인해 오염된 지하...

    산업화의 발달은 광산업의 급격한 확대로 이어졌으며, 광산개발과정에서 배출된 중금속 오염물질은 산성광산배수 및 광미 등의 환경문제를 일으킨다. 중금속 오염물질로 인해 오염된 지하수의 확산을 방지하기 위해 오염확산 방지시설으로 투수성 반응벽체가 사용되고 있다. 투수성 반응벽체는 대표적인 수동형 정화 기술로 연속벽형, 유도벽형, 관정형 반응벽체와 같은 다양한 시설 구조가 존재하며, 이 중 심부 대수층의 지하수 오염을 처리하기 위한 기술로 관정형 반응벽체가 주목되고 있다. 국내에서는 총 12곳의 광미 적치장에서 투수성 반응벽체를 운영하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현장에서 운영 중인 투수성 반응벽체 시설을 종합적으로 평가하고자 반응성 소재 특성화, 관정형 반응벽체 시설 구조에 따른 오염 확산제어 성능 평가, 그리고 현장 운영 시설의 성능 예측 및 지속가능성 평가에 대해 실험적 평가방법과 수치척 모델링 기법을 결합하여 접근하였다.
    석탄폐석과 제올라이트를 이용하여 중금속 제거 과정에 대한 반응성 소재의 특성화 연구를 수행하였다. 지중환경의 오염물질 특성, 오염정도, 지하수 유동 조건 등의 지중환경 조건을 고려하여, 중금속 제거에 대한 반응성 소재의 특성 변화를 확인하기 위해 실내 실험을 수행하였다. 석탄폐석의 경우, 느린 흡착 속도로 인한 비평형 흡착 특성이 확인되었으며, 제올라이트의 경우, 상대적으로 빠른 흡착 속도로 인해 평형 흡착과 비선형 흡착 특성이 지배적인 것으로 나타났다.
    국내에 다수 시공된 형태인 관정형 반응벽체의 시설 구조에 따른 오염제거 효율, 오염누출 가능성 및 사용연한 등의 성능을 평가하였다. 토조 환경에서의 유동 및 오염제거를 모의한 실험과 수치적 모델링을 이용해, 업스케일링 기법을 적용하여 반응성 소재의 특성을 기반으로 한 전체 시설의 성능 평가가 가능함을 보여주었다. 관정형 반응벽체 주변 지하수 흐름을 시각화하여 오염 저감 효율의 공간적 불균질성을 확인했으며, 시설 구조에 따른 수리적 특성으로 인한 오염물질의 누출 가능성을 발견하였다. 관정형 반응벽체 시설의 성능을 평가를 하는데 있어 반응성 소재의 특성만을 반영하는 것이 아니라 시설의 구조에 대한 고려가 필요한 것으로 보였다.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • ABSTRACT i
    • 국문 초록 iv
    • TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
    • LIST OF TABLES xii
    • LIST OF FIGURES xiii
    • ABSTRACT i
    • 국문 초록 iv
    • TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
    • LIST OF TABLES xii
    • LIST OF FIGURES xiii
    • GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
    • References 4
    • CHAPTER 1. Performance expectation of coal waste in permeable reactive barrier for removal of cadmium considering contamination level and pore water velocity 8
    • Abstract 8
    • 1.1. Introduction 10
    • 1.2. Materials and methods 13
    • 1.2.1. Preparation of coal waste 13
    • 1.2.2. Column experiments 14
    • 1.2.3. Parameter determination 18
    • 1.3. Results and discussion 19
    • 1.3.1. Cd transport through coal waste 19
    • 1.3.2. Characteristics of Cd transport according to subsurface environmental conditions 22
    • 1.3.3. Relationship between sorption parameters and subsurface environmental conditions 24
    • 1.3.4. Prediction of reactive medium longevity as functions of subsurface environmental conditions 26
    • 1.4. Conclusions 31
    • References 33
    • Supplementary information 38
    • CHAPTER 2. Longevity prediction of reactive media in permeable reactive barriers considering the contamination level and groundwater velocity at the planning site, with a focus on cadmium removal by zeolite 42
    • Abstract 42
    • 2.1. Introduction 43
    • 2.2. Materials and methods 47
    • 2.2.1. Properties of zeolite 47
    • 2.2.2. Cd removal test 47
    • 2.2.3. Column experiments 49
    • 2.2.4. Parameter estimation 51
    • 2.3. Result and Discussion 54
    • 2.3.1. Cd removal by zeolite 54
    • 2.3.2. Characteristic of Cd transport in zeolite according to the subsurface environmental conditions 56
    • 2.3.3. Parameter estimation 59
    • 2.3.4. Fitting of the sorption rate model 60
    • 2.3.5. Prediction of reactive media longevity as functions of subsurface environmental conditions 65
    • 2.4. Conclusion 66
    • References 68
    • Supplementary information 77
    • CHAPTER 3. Longevity evaluation of non-pumping reactive wells for control of groundwater contamination: Application of upscaling methods 91
    • Abstract 91
    • 3.1. Introduction 92
    • 3.2. Materials and methods 96
    • 3.2.1. Media 96
    • 3.2.2. Solute transport test 97
    • 3.2.3. Modeling solute transport 101
    • 3.2.4. Numerical case study 104
    • 3.3. Result and Discussion 108
    • 3.3.1. Characterization of mass transfer processes in the porous media 108
    • 3.3.2. Two-dimensional water flow and solute transport around NPRW 111
    • 3.3.3. Modeling of hydrogeological processes around NPRW 114
    • 3.3.4. Longevity evaluation of NPRWs 122
    • 3.4. Conclusion 128
    • References 130
    • Supplementary information 137
    • CHAPTER 4. Investigating contaminant leakage in sawtooth-configured non-pumping reactive wells: A sandbox test approach 140
    • Abstract 140
    • 4.1. Introduction 141
    • 4.2. Materials and methods 145
    • 4.2.1. NPRWs sandbox test arranged in a sawtooth configuration 145
    • 4.2.2. Modeling groundwater flow and contaminant transport 148
    • 4.2.3. Performance analysis 152
    • 4.3. Result and Discussion 153
    • 4.3.1. Observed Cd breakthrough in NPRWs 153
    • 4.3.2. Simulation of Cd transport in sandbox installed NPRWs 154
    • 4.3.3. Examining alternative sorption model for describing the leakage of Cd plume 159
    • 4.3.4. Performance evaluation of NPRWs using the Langmuir model 167
    • 4.3.5. Application of safety factor to prevent contaminant leakage 168
    • 4.4. Conclusions 171
    • References 172
    • Supplementary information 180
    • CHAPTER 5. Sustainability assessment for old permeable reactive barrier at mine tailing storage site 183
    • Abstract 183
    • 5.1. Introduction 184
    • 5.2. Materials and methods 186
    • 5.2.1. Mine tailing storage site 186
    • 5.2.2. Sampling and analysis 188
    • 5.2.3. Heavy metal removal test 190
    • 5.3. Result and Discussion 191
    • 5.3.1. Groundwater contamination at PRB facility 192
    • 5.3.2. Assessment of old PRB materials 194
    • 5.3.3. Heavy metal removal of old PRB materials 197
    • 5.3.4. Sustainability of old PRB facility 200
    • 5.4. Conclusions 200
    • References 202
    • Supplementary information 206
    • CHAPTER 6. Hydrogeological and chemical containment of groundwater contamination at mine tailing storage site equipped with permeable reactive barrier 208
    • Abstract 208
    • 6.1. Introduction 209
    • 6.2. Materials and methods 211
    • 6.2.1. Mine tailing storage site 211
    • 6.2.2. Modeling 215
    • 6.3. Result and discussions 219
    • 6.3.1. Hydrogeology of the mine tailing storage site 219
    • 6.3.2. Groundwater flow field 222
    • 6.3.3. Simulation of PRB operation 226
    • 6.4. Conclusion 229
    • References 232
    • GENERAL CONCLUSION 236
    더보기

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