서울 약수터의 지표세균 분포 및 16S rRNA 염기서열을 이용한 총대장균군 동정 및 계통분석 = Occurrence of Indicator Bacteria and Identification of Total Coliforms Using 16S rRNA Gene in Drinking Spring Water in Seoul

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives: This study was performed in order to detect indicator bacteria in drinking spring water (DSW) samples in Seoul Metropolitan City, and to identify their genus through 16S rRNA sequencing and then assessing the genetic relation of their strains. Methods: For indicator bacteria detection and identification of total coliforms, we analyzed DSW between the spring and summer seasons. In particular, DSW samples were chosen from sites repeatedly found unsatisfactory in recent years. Results: Heterotrophic plate counts of DSW in the spring and summer season were investigated in the range of 0-550 and 0-800 CFU/mL, respectively. Total coliforms of these were 0-1,900 and 0-2,100 CFU/100mL, fecal coliforms were 0-600 and 0-550 CFU/100mL, and Escherichia coli were 0-7 and 0-326 MPN/100mL. The detection ratio of fecal pollution indicators and that of fecal coliforms increased to 58.6% in the summer from 12.5% in the spring and Escherichia coli increased to 51.4% from 4.7%. As a result of genetic analysis on the isolated bacteria, the genus of total coliforms was classified in the order of Enterobacter spp. 12.7%, Serratia spp. 7.3%, E. hermanii 6.4%, Rahnella spp. 5.5%, Hafnia spp. 4.5%, Escherichia coli 3.6%, Klebsiella spp. 3.6% in the spring season. In the summer season, it was classified in order of Klebsiella spp. 16.6%, Enterobacter spp. 13.0%, Escherichia coli 11.0%, Serratia spp. 8.6%, Raoultella spp. 7.0%, Kluyvera spp. 5.6% and Citrobacter spp. 3.0%. Conclusions: The increase of fecal pollution in summer indicates that special attention to drinking DSW is required.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이희태, "지표미생물을 이용한 시화호 유입수의 수질평가" 한국환경보건학회 34 (34): 86-94, 2008

2 이인환, "영남지역 지하수에서 대장균군의 분포 및 분리한 세균의 특성" 한국미생물학회 42 (42): 95-102, 2006

3 고광표, "서울특별시 종로구 대중목욕탕의 수질 중 미생물 오염도 조사 연구" 한국환경보건학회 35 (35): 162-168, 2009

4 김광래, "서울지역 약수터에 대한 시민 여론 조사" 한국지하수토양환경학회 16 (16): 1-5, 2011

5 오향균, "도시하수 및 그 주변 하천 환경 중 항생제 내성 세균 노출 특성" 대한환경공학회 31 (31): 232-239, 2009

6 Saitou N, "The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic tree" 4 (4): 406-425, 1987

7 George MG, "The Gammaproteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2B" Springer-Verlag Press 1108-1193, 2005

8 Korea Ministry of Environment, "Standard Method for Water Quality Pollution(ES 04701.1~04703.1)"

9 Korea Ministry of Environment, "Standard Method for Drinking Water Quality(ES 05701.1b~05711.1a)"

10 Paruch AM, "Specific features of Escherichia coli that distinguish it from coliform and thermotolerant coliform bacteria and define it as the most accurate indicator of faecal contamination in the environment" 23 : 140-142, 2012

11 David JL, "Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses" 82 (82): 6955-6959, 1986

12 Drancourt M, "Phylogenetic analyses of Klebsiella species delineate Klebsiella and Raoultella gen. nov., with description of Raoultella ornithinolytica comb. nov., Raoultella terrigena comb. nov. and Raoultella planticola comb. nov" 51 (51): 925-932, 2001

13 "National Center for Biotechnology Information"

14 "National Center for Biotechnology Information"

15 Grabow WOK, "Microbiology of drinking water treatment, Reclaimed wastewater" Springer-Verlag Press 185-203, 1990

16 Murray PR, "Manual of clinical microbiology" ASM Press 2007

17 Kumar S, "MEGA: a biologist centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences" 9 (9): 299-306, 2008

18 Tamura K, "MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary gene tics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0" 24 (24): 1596-1599, 2007

19 Ashbolt NJ, "Indicators of microbial water quality, In Guidelines, standards and health assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease" IWA Press 289-315, 2008

20 Manero A, "Identification of enterococcus spp. based on specific hybridization with 16S rDNA probes" 50 (50): 115-121, 2002

21 Randy PR, "Identification of bacterial populations in drinking water using 16S rRNA-based sequence analyses" 44 (44): 1353-1360, 2010

22 Fielda KG, "Fecal source tracking, the indicator paradigm, and managing water quality" 41 (41): 3517-3538, 2007

23 Kim KA, "A Study on pollution of spring in Incheon area" 22 (22): 35-50, 2007

24 Seoul Metropolitan Government, "2012 Year’s Guide for Management of Drinking Spring Water in Seoul"