A lien in the civil law is the right that an occupant of a credit related to an object according to the legal or factual relations can possess credit until he or she gets a refund on his or her credit. The law has accepted this system to realized the ...
A lien in the civil law is the right that an occupant of a credit related to an object according to the legal or factual relations can possess credit until he or she gets a refund on his or her credit. The law has accepted this system to realized the equity principle and it is, on the one hand, to break 'the equality principle' in the creditor's place in that especially, an occupant is protected.
This lien would be problematic with regard to real estate auction. In the procedure of real estate auction, the existence of a lien is a sensitive issue. Although, the existence of a lien is a crucial factor, other creditors or winning bidders have to join the auction procedure without the definite judgement; that is the current reality. When there is a loophole in the system, people appear who make an illicit use of law. The cases of disturbing the auction procedure occur frequently, using the loophole that the existence of a lien can not be judged clearly in the procedure of auction. Also, the announcement method of an lien is imperfect, so there are frequent factual and legal disputes and physical force can be used to occupy the object if necessary.
Regarding real estate auction, creditors submit tamely to some damages. A highest bid price is below current price of real estate(in case of a store building, it is mostly sold at 30%~50% of estimated] value) Though there is a mortgagee such as a person of a collateral security, the danger of damage lurks in the back. However, if an lien holder satisfy the required conditions, a bid price can determined at the declared price of the lien until a creditor is satisfied with it without credit expiration despite the procedure of auction.
On the one hand, the problem lies in the current reality where credit value is inflated compared to the elevation of real estate value due to the credit value. For example, when a lien is declared with the credit of construction charge, original recipients can gain a profit again and again and the construction charge is overemphasized wrongly.
In spite of these problems, the law assumes an indifferent attitude. A lien is the right of omnipotence in the procedure of auction. If it satisfies the required conditions, a credit is not expired. Where is this right? It is necessary to change of a lien related to real estate auction. The unexpected damages should be protected from the excessive issue of the lien declaration
The some reform recommendations as legislation are suggested to solve the problems.
First, a lien should be altered into legal mortgage to establish the order for real rights granted by way of security in addition to the public announcement reform of real estate lien in the procedure of sale. That is, Article 322, clause 3 in the civil law "If a lien holder attaches a creditor's real estate, it has the same effect as mortgage" should be added. Furthermore, revised system about the existence of declared lien should be introduced so that it can help to solve the problems quickly such as the false declaration or excessive issue of lien.
Second, a lien holder should be granted the dividends. Auctioning charge is divided in the executive court, a lien holder has an application right for auction, but no preferred right, so he do not have a dividend right. However, considering a lien is prescribed as real rights granted by way of security and a subordinated mortgagee can be divided despite of expiration according to the order, a lien holder should get the dividend qualification. A lien that is declared in register should be accepted limitedly and revision is necessary.
Third, the lien of real rights by security should be deeply recognized and even a lien holder behind senior mortgage should be teated as a party interested and get various rights from the civil execution law. That is, to activate the field visit of a law-enforcement officer on survey, the factual research of low-level is insufficient and the right and duty should be grated to make the legal judgement. It means that "the legal judgement about a lien establishment in the relation of real estate lien establishment regarding the possession of real estate" should be included in a form for current reality survey order. Furthermore, the system for a lien's right declaration duty of a lien holder should be expressly stipulated in the text. Also, the deadline for a lien right of report should be until the end of dividend requirement to solve the instability of sale procedure. An executor should research a lien holder and summit the report and when the actual damages occur from the deficiency of an executor's reality survey report, the compensation using the deposit in the local court when appointing an executor can be a plan.
If several reform plans as legal code above are introduced, the position of a lien can be definite and the problems related to his position can be loved in the procedure of auction in Korea. In addition, effective real estate auction system will be established by beforehand protecting the delay of real estate procedure or disputes in the future due to the lien system abuse.