In June 1951, one year after the breakout of the Korean War on June 25th in 1950, both sides sought for an armistice, and commenced negotiations. For the next two years, negotiations continued while battles were still being fought(it was indeed a war ...
In June 1951, one year after the breakout of the Korean War on June 25th in 1950, both sides sought for an armistice, and commenced negotiations. For the next two years, negotiations continued while battles were still being fought(it was indeed a war of attrition), and the war finally ended with the signing of the armistice on July 27th, 1953. Talks for the armistice continued to break down and then reopen again, and throughout that lengthy and messy process, the basic format for the cease-fire status(that would follow the end of the war) was established.
The armistice talks was a step that would book-end the war, and it was also an opportunity to design the new status-quo status which would come to reality after the end of the war. Every facet of the negotiations were closely related to the ongoing status of the war, and talks were arranged not only at the Panmun-jeom facility(the officially designated place for the talks) but also at U.N. and other foreign places. Those talks themselves were not mere negotiations to end the war, but rather another form of warfare waged by opponents which were determined to secure victory for themselves in psychological terms and philosophical causes. The agendas that were discussed at the armistice talks directly dealt with issues like the very cease-fire in military terms, an armistice as a result of that. And the talks had the most basic premise that such cease-fire and armistice should be established under the assurance that hostile exchanges would never reoccur. The finally established Cease-fire treaty, which was the result of the negotiations, referred to many issues, such as the establishment of a military demarcation line and a de-militarized zone, firm banning on military reinforcements and buildups, the organization of a neutral monitoring body, and devising a peaceful resolution for the Korean peninsula situation through political discussions. Negotiations to discuss the return of the prisoners was the last step to end the war.
Since the negotiations had begun, the path that the negotiations would take would determine whether the Korean war would continue or end with an armistice. Naturally, the continuing talks could have heavily affected the ongoing war, and driven it into an entirely new direction. But the entire process of talks were closely related to the military operations. Negotiations began to end the war, but quite ironically, in order to ensure a more favorable position in talks, both sides just kept fighting. In the early days of the negotiations for establishing the military demarcation line, both sides agreed that battles would continue until an armistice is signed. Yet when negotiations for the military demarcation lines were finally closed in November 1951, although they could have halted their battles, U.S. wanted the war to continue, and China also concurred. That was why this attritive war continued even after that. Both sides were confident that military pressures would be most effective in ensuring a higher position for themselves in talks, so large-scale bombings and struggles for high areas in the front-lines continued.
Since the beginning of the negotiations, the objectives and directives for the battle plans changed according to the situation of the talks. Those talks literally defined and determined the actions of both sides. The negotiation table itself became another battle field which would ensure the victor of a victory in high causes. Yet the negotiations were also part of the task of preparing for the post-war period, so added to the conflicts over causes, practical compromises and resolutions were called for as well. Both sides, in the early days, quarreled with each other over the issue of choosing agendas to be discussed. In essence, they were conflicting each other with their respective plans for the post-war period.
In that regard, the issue of prisoners return was only a one-event issue, and a secondary problem. After the war, the prisoners would simply be returned to their home, and the issue itself was deemed to have nothing to do with the cease-fire issue. But U.S. elevated that issue, and started to wage a psychological war with that issue. U.N. proposed a principle of the so-called 'voluntary returning', and this proposition ended up hopelessly complicating the issue. It literally made the issue a 'hot potato' at the negotiation table. This kind of proposition, which stated that the prisoners should be granted the right to choose where they would wish to go, was devised with considerations over the effects that could only be generated by psychological operations. With this proposition, another layer was added to the war, and the war was transformed into a warfare of ideology.
Considering the entire process of the armistice talks, there were multiple reasons that caused the talks to literally drag. There were two most crucial times for the fate of the talks, which could have ended the war a lot sooner. The first time was when the negotiations for the military demarcation line were ended and an agreement was established on November 27th, 1951. At the time, the completion of the entire talks was indeed expected, if agreements for other agendas were to be reached in a one-month window. Both sides expected no difficulties in reaching those agreements. Yet the issue of airbases referred to in the 3rd agenda and the U.S.S.R. Neutral state plan became hotly debated issues, and caused the talks to continue, and to cross the one-month deadline. And the war prisoner issue became complicated as much as it could get. It was not fair in the first place that U.N. would raise the airbase issue, and it was certainly not an issue that the Communist military could embrace or accept. Instead, they proposed the plan to recognize U.S.S.R as a neutral party, and it too was not a proposal that could be approached fondly by the other side. Both plans were mere bargaining chips.
The second time when the possibility of reaching an agreement was higher than ever was July 13th 1952, when U.N. suggested the number of war prisoners to be returned(830,000). If the Communist side accepted this proposal, the war might have ended a year earlier than it actually did. Yet China chose to do it the hard way, with the consent of North Korea and U.S.S.R.. If we take into account the fact that after one year the Communist side decided to accept the 'voluntary return' principle and there was no visible difference between the number of people who actually returned and the number suggested by U.N., we can see that the 'voluntary return' principle was not a decisive variable that caused the war to drag at all. China decided to continue the war because the power of the Chinese army was significantly strengthened and they projected that they would be able to continue the war over more than a year, and also because they were sure that they could continue staging offensives against the enemy. North Korea was suffering heavy, incalculable damages in terms of both men and equipment because of the bombings, so it required an early establishment of an armistice since the beginning of the negotiations, yet Mao Zodung and Stalin, who both led the negotiations and the war, ignored North Korea's requests. Negotiations actually began in efforts and determinations to end the war, but it was the choice of U.S. and China which turned it into a very lengthy and messy business, merely over the agendas of the negotiations.
The Korean war was an international war which was joined by not only the South and North Korean forces, but also Chinese and Russian, and U.N. forces. It began as a civil war, and later was transformed into an international war. It was a conflict between two systems, and a conflict of ideology. In the Korean war, the South and North Koreas were only supporting actors. In many issues such as the South Korea-U.S. relationship, North Korea-China relationship, or seizing the initiatives in the war and conducting negotiations and signing the treaties, South Korea was never a leading actor, and North Korea as well was equipped with very few options considering their relationship with other Communist countries. (South) Korea was the opponent who actually fought the war, but it never was allowed to assume the role of an opponent at the negotiation table, and was also excluded from the signing of the treaty. It was not because it transferred its military command authorities to U.S., but more because of U.S.' way of fighting a war, and its view of and attitude toward South Korea. U.S. intended to have an exclusively decisive power regarding the war, and also at the negotiations table. South Korea was to only serve a very limited role, which was to maintain the cease-fire status, but it was never fully capable of leading prominent and substantial changes, such as converting the cease-fire status into a status of peaceful coexistence. South Korea was not one of the parties which signed the armistice treaty, and had actually been against the idea of armistice itself up until the signing of the treaty. This position of South Korea later led to the instability of the cease-fire status.